Bioliographic Information on Slavery and Colonial Rule in...

Bibliographic Information: Klein, Martin A., Slavery And Colonial Rule in French West Africa, 1998, Cambridge University Press The book bears importance in being one of the few studies about domestic slavery within the French West Africa. It contributes to the field of study, by elaborating on the importance of slavery in Senegal, Sudan and Guinea in Africa’s development. The period of the study lies from 1876 to 1922, wherein Klein ultimately shows the evolution of slavery. In the years prior to 1876, Klein argued that slavery had an economic and social significance in societies. There are two themes which form a major part of the book. They include: the conflict between the French in the metropole and the French in Africa; and the†¦show more content†¦Due to the social taboo of being an ex-slave (or of slave heritage), there are ex-slaves who are afraid to mention their backgrounds to Klein. This obviously leads to a limitation of evidence, which perhaps makes it difficult for the reader to form an idea on what slavery was fully like. Despite this, Klein shows admiration for those of slave backgrounds in portraying them as being spurred on by past oppressions, to achieve a better life than those with master backgrounds. To further his arguments, Klein uses secondary sources as a basis to criticize traditional arguments. Apart from the deep historical analysis and the descriptive historical events (which aid in backing up Klein’s knowledge and deep research in the field), the book’s structure is significant. In terms of illustrations, Klein uses maps, figures and pictures. Maps are an essential part of the book in providing vivid ideas on where battles occurred or which societies were based where. In this case, his writings and the maps form a symbiotic relationship, in that the reader can understand the context through the use of maps and his writing (clear up properly). Each chapter is structured in a way that allows the reader to navigate around the chapter and read the relevant information. All chapters include an introductory section (aimed at outlining the key points of the chapter in question) and a conclusion (aimed at summarising and tying together the

The Rise and Spread of Islam - 1129 Words

The Rise and Spread of Islam The world you once knew is falling to ashes and food is become such a scarcity that people are fighting over a few pieces of bread. The political class is too busy fighting among themselves to care for anyone else. Children are roaming the streets and begging for work to feed their dying, hungry stomachs. This is not a scene from a horror movie, but rather the reality of the beginning of post classical era. In these times of hardship the people turned to a higher power, which resulted in a religious boom. The main religion during the post classical era that had the greatest impact on people was Islam due to Muhammad, trade routes, the Black Plague, conquests and Islamic culture. The prophet Muhammad had a†¦show more content†¦The perspective on the plague that the Islamic people had led to more respect for the religion as well as many more followers. Along with the plague, the various conquests also played an important role in the spread of Islam. Some regions that were conquered by the Arabic Empire were: Sub-Saharan Africa, Central Asia, India, and parts of South-East Asia. These conquests led the Arabic Empire to control these regions and led to the spread of Islam. For instance, they enforced a tax on Christians and Jews, which resulted in many converts to Islam to avoid this tax. However, the people who kept belief in other religions other than Christian, Jewish, or Islamic, they were given an option to convert to Islam or sentenced to death which led to more converts of Islamic belief as well. Furthermore, this influence and many people converting led to a chain reaction in which more people were converting. Similarly, according to the article, â€Å"The Spread of Islam,† Islam was able to spread in Central Asia due to â€Å"force and persuasion.† Even though in many nations the religion of Islam was forced, i t was a beneficial factor for the spreading of that religion rather than a negative one. For instance, in â€Å"The Spread of Islam,† they mention how Islam became appealing to many people due to the fact that the conquering of other nations displayed victory and power forShow MoreRelatedRise and Spread of Islam1890 Words   |  8 PagesThe religion of Islam has risen up and spread throughout the world to become one of the world’s three largest religions. Islam originated in the desert of present day Saudi Arabia amongst the Arabs. The Arabs were a Semitic-speaking people. They were also a polytheistic society that worshipped an enormous number of gods and goddesses. There was almost one for every day of the year. The entire way of life that the Arabs knew was about to change with the birth of the prophet Muhammad. This manRead MoreThe First Global Civilization : The Rise And Spread Of Islam1539 Words   |  7 PagesCivilization: The Rise and Spread of Islam Introduction Muslims believed in Allah. This was their God. They only believed in Allah. Muslim’s biggest rivals were Christians. In the seventh century, Muhammed controlled several empires, including Persia, Greece, and Egypt. These empires took him decades to acquire, however. Empires were beginning to spread to places like: -Africa, Asia and Southern Europe. -Central Asia, Western Asia and Southern Asia. -They also spread to some trade routesRead MoreThe Rise Of Islam, And Its Subsequent Diffusion Across Eurasia1307 Words   |  6 PagesIslam is thought to be the religion of the people, whatever race or background they might be (Haghnavaz, 2013). The rise of Islam began circa 613CE, when the Islamic prophet Muhammad, began to spread the word of the revelations God (Allah) gave to him. From the cities of Makkah in the Arabian desert, the message of Islam spread with great speed. Within half a century since the Prophet Muhammad’s death, the message of Islam had risen in 3 continents (Haghnavaz, 2013). The aim of this essay is to discoverRead MoreIslam Spread Over A Large Portion Of Africa898 Words   |  4 PagesIslam spread over a large portion of Africa through trade with Arabs and the people in the interior of Africa, the Sufi brotherhoods that helped to solidify the beliefs in people, and Arab settlers in Africa. In combination with those, the vast trade networks in Africa and the Indian Ocean, the rise of states in West Africa, urbanization of towns, and the Islamic revivalist movement all helped to spread the religion and ideologies of Islam through Africa. The origins of Islam in Africa did stem fromRead MoreThe Rise of Christianity vs. the Rise of Islam740 Words   |  3 PagesThe Rise of Christianity vs. the Rise of Islam The rise of Christianity and Islam happened during a turbulent time in history, when major civilizations like the Roman Empire and the Persian Empire were in decline due to political infighting, disease, and outside barbarians constantly applying pressure. Christianity was adopted in the heart of the Roman Empire, as a way to continue the influence of Rome, while not being able to control all of Europe militarily. (Rise of Christianity, 2012) ThereforeRead MoreThe Rise Of Islam By Matthew Gordon954 Words   |  4 PagesGordon’s book, â€Å"The Rise of Islam†. Throughout the course of history, many religions have had a profound effect on western civilization. During the early 5th century a religion arose that had an extremely important impact on western civilization. The Arabic prophet Muhammad founded the religion known today as Islam. Violence, diplomacy, Arabic tradition, and public law played a vital role in the rise and conquest of Islam. These four key elements t hat fostered the rise of Islam helped establish oneRead More Anti-semitism Essay1015 Words   |  5 Pagesand persecuted Jews. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;First, the Muslim’s basis for anti-Judaism rests primarily on religious beliefs. Islam teaches that Allah, the Muslim god, requires that a good Muslim pray a ritual prayer five times per day, give a token of their income to charity, and if possible a pilgrimage to Mecca, their Holy City (â€Å"The Rise and Spread of Islam†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). â€Å"Muhammad himself was hostile to the Jews† (Rivkin 25) because he believed Allah to be the one true God and saw the Jewish DoctrineRead MoreIslam Dbq Essay930 Words   |  4 Pages(Class) - (period) March 19, 2013 Why Did Islam Spread So Quickly? Islam originated in present day Saudi Arabia where the prophet, Muhammad, had been born. Islam would later be able to spread quickly through trade, the appealing nature of the Islamic faith, and military campaigns. In the â€Å"Arabian Peninsula Trade Routes† (Doc. A) it shows how Mecca was very busy with all kinds of trade. Since Mecca is where Islam would start in the upcoming years, traders wouldRead MoreThe Spread Of Christianity And Western Europe1637 Words   |  7 PagesThe spread of Christianity in Western Europe was both similar and different to the spread of Islam. The rise of Islam starts with the Prophet Muhammad, believed by Muslims (followers of Islam) to be the last in a line of prophets that includes Moses and Jesus. Because Muhammad was the chosen one to be the messenger of the word of God, Muslims from all around the world work to follow the example he set. For Muslims after the Qur an (their bible), the sayings and teachings of Muhammad and the descriptionsRead MoreIslam : A Unique Religion1208 Words   |  5 PagesIslam is a unique religion that was founded by a prophet named Muhammad in the 7th century. The religion came at a time when various religion s such as Judaism, Christians and other polytheistic religions dominated. The previous religions managed to coexist and even share common grounds such as the Ka’aba. Both Islam and Christian religions were based off of tradition and customs from the tribe’s fathers before them. Their religious customs ran rapid throughout the Mediterranean and especially in

Old Man And The Sea And Other Stories Essay Example For Students

Old Man And The Sea And Other Stories Essay English: Book Report:Hemingways Old Man And The Sea July 03, 1998 English Old Man and the Sea This part of the story has to do with Santiago against nature and the sea. In this part of the story, he goes out and fights nature in the form of terrible forces and dangerous creatures, among them, a marlin, sharks and hunger. He starts the story in a small skiff and moves out in a journey to capture a fish after a long losing streak of eighty-four days. Unfortunately his friend must desert him due to this problem and a greater force, his parents. Santiago must go out into the danger alone. For three harsh days and nights he fights a fish of enormous power. This is the second form of nature he must conquer. Earlier in the story, the first part of nature is himself, for which he must fight off his hunger. This is a harsh part of the story. He manages though to get a few bites in the form of flying fish and dolphin of which he would like to have salt on. This part of the story tells of a col d and harsh sea, that is, one that has value and mystery as well as death and danger. It has commercial value as well as the population of life in it. It is dark and treacherous though, and every day there is a challenge. A similar story tells about a tidal pool with life called `Cannery Road. This part of the story has to deal with figures of Christ. It mainly deals with Santiago as being a figure of Christ and other characters as props, that is, characters which carry out the form of biblical themes. On the day before he leaves when he wakes up, Manolin, his helper, comes to his aid with food and drink. Also a point that might be good is that he has had bad luck with his goal for a great period of time and is sure it will work this time. Later, though, when Santiago needs him for the quest he sets out to do, Manolin deserts him, although he may not have wanted to at this time. In the novel Santiago comes upon a force bigger than his skiff, the marlin which misleads him out far pas t his intended reach. This is where he starts to lose his strength against something which seems a greater force. Santiago has a struggle of three days, which is significent because of the three days in Easter, and continues to fight on though his goal may not aquire anything. This is another idea through which Christ did, a struggle to get a goal done even though it may mean certain destruction to himself. This might accomplish nothing but the satisfaction of doing this and also has great risks. Finally he comes upon a painful experience with his hand which is in great pain and wont move. This is useful in the place where Christ loses his physical self and has less to deal with. On the third day, he recovers himself and returns to his home even though his only remaining treasure was a broken skiff, experience, and a torn up marlin. And in the final conclusion, you can see him dragging the mast of his skiff, a cross-like object, in his hand. This story has a certain sequence of even ts, first it has a hunter vs. his prey. This hunter does respect th e prey. Throughout the book it has this series of events: encounter, battle, defeat, and respect for the prey. This is Hemmingways `Code of Honor. This part of the novel has to do with relationships between two characters. The first to discuss are Santiago and Manolin, Manolin being the small follower of the old man named Santiago. Manolin is a small person that follows Santiago and listens to his wisdom. They treat each other unfriendly though for Manolin calls the Santiago old man and he calls Manolin `boy which seems to be absurd. In that situation I would consider both of them to go see a doctor. The next relationship to talk about would be that between Santiago and the village, which seems to be much better. He is given credit for food and he also is waiting to show his greatness to the villageby catching a great fish as soon as he can. His thought on that, though, is that any fisherman can ctach it during the easy season but only a few can go out and catch one during the hard season. He has no consideration for the luck, and would rather try to fish through being exact rather than being lucky. The other relationship in this story has to do with Manolin and his parents. Manolin seems to be very rebellious against his parents, although he does submit to their demands. Santiagos greatest link to the village is the boy. Santiago may be poor in the story, yet is proud. This story when compared to being imaginative is good, but in real life is somewhat of a `Fish Story. The part where an old man being able to load in a ton of fish is very unimaginable. The scenario, though, is very interesting for the part of the old man. He goes out all alone into the depths of the ocean without an idea for what is in store. This story has good points, for when it comes to the better parts of the story, it emphasizes by placing in mind step by step of the way he does certain actions. The part of the story whi ch, to the best of my belief, had no part or reference in the story was the dream of lions on a beach of Africa, which this fisherman probably had never even visited much less seeing lions on a beach. This was like most stories in the main plot. First characters are introduced, then a threat reveals itself, showing true natures of all the characters, and finally the threat is fought off or it remains, leaving the reader in suspense. This had a good plot but needed more to go on in my opinion. Hemingways strong parts of this story are emphasized on vocabulary. He probably learned these fisherman terms for he once was a fisherman in Cuba. There is one problem to this, though. Throughout the story he uses these terms over and over although the ordinary person, like me, would forget them after the first use of them and unfortunately he doesnt ever re-coin the terms again throughout the book. Some vocabulary he uses stands for sharks or the sea itself. Others he uses for bait. The main i dea though in this part is to let the reader get the feel for the life, setting and character of the fisherman himself. This is a great move to place yet is also very hard to co-exist with the average reader. This has some good points, though, and among them is review. The reader must review the story and skim it in order to rethink the concept of the word. Then he or she must return to the current position in the book and place it into the text. The concept of vocabulary is a standard not to live by, and should not be placed into most books unless the terms are to be used many times throughout the book. Hemingway has merged three themes already mentioned above successfully unto this book. Among them are figures of Christ, Nature (the sea), and a code of honor. This was challenging. The obvious ones were nature, its cruelty and compassion. Nature caused his hand pain yet healed it, caused hunger yet satisfied it, and gave the fish yet reclaimed it. This is the way nature works. Natu re is actually more luck than a set of rules, for it can shift back and forth with the greatest of ease. The second theme, religion, could not be easily pulled from the text. The best clue to where it happens is the falls of Santiago as well as his carrying the mast. This symbolizes the end of Christ, although Santiago on the other hand is just retiring for the night. But it could be interpreted as the end of the book for which it is. The code of honor is not actually probably the hardest to interpret. It can only be pulled from context, which is the hardest to do. It has mainly to do with the rise, battle and fall of the prey and respect following. The problem in this is that Santiago was at fault for expanding out so far, and it was dangerous. This is similiar to the book A Journey to the Center of the Earth, which I recently read. Back to School Sucks English: Greek:A vew of achilles on the Iliadand odesy December 10, 1998 Bernardo Uribe English character: The Iliad 9/10/98 Achil les Achilles was the bravest, strongest and most feared of the achian soldier, but pride and desire for revenge would be of a very high expense. With his help victory for the Greek army could have been easier, but instead he not only laid aside of battle, but he plead the gods that his own army loses. His revenge against Agamemnon cost him his honor, the death of his best friend Patroclus, and in the long run, his death. When Agamemnon sends for Briseis, because he had to give away Cryseis, Achilles shows great wisdom by withdrawing himself and all his troops of battle, but giving away the girl without any difficulty. By not fighting, he shows that he has honor, and that he cannot be taken for granted, but he still gives the girl away without battle, showing that he wont let his pride turn him against his own army. A little later than Achilles had been separated from Braises, he goes against all of this achievements, and asks his mother Thetas for help. He requests his mother to inf luence with Zeus, so that the Trojans defeat his fellow Greek soldiers a point they will require his help and realize what he is really worth to them. By requesting this from his mother, Achilles shows that his hunger for revenge is grater as time goes by. As Achilles hunger for revenge grows bigger he lets his principals get less in the way of his personal satisfaction. All these nights I am absent from your side, and not demanded back; you delay and your anger is slow. With time Achilles plan works, and Agamemnon comes to him for help, offering him to give him many valuable presents and to return to him Briseis to make up for his mistake, but Achilles doesnt accept this claming that he cannot be bought or sold. By the time Agamemnon decides to respond to Achilles requests, Achilles hunger for revenge had grown big enough that he wont be satisfied until he sees the complete downfall of Agamemnon. Which is compleatly unreseanoble, becouse he is going aginst his own troops with the only pupose of revenging his injured pride. The only way Achilles understood that his revenge was killing his own people, was when his best friend Patroclus, was already dead. Even though he tried to revenge him, it was to late, his lousy attitude had killed Patroclus. Explanation Of The Poem From Snowbound Essay English: Greek:Achilles Respect for Authority April 21, 1998 Respect for authority plays an important role in The Iliad. Achilles is a major character in it whose views on authority change throughout the book. In Book One, he seems to have no respect for King Agamemnon. Achilles questions his judgment as well as rebelling against his authority. This is shown best when Achilles says, What a worthless, burnt-out coward Id be called if I would submit to you and all your orders. (Pg. 87 line 43-45). This is an outright lack of respect directed toward Agamemnon. By Book Twenty-four however, his views seem to have changed. Achilles talks to King Priam of Troy with respect. An example in Book twenty-four is when Achilles and King Priam weep together over their losses. Book One portrays Achilles as an individualist. This was the accepted way of life in the Bronze Age, which is when Achilles lived. The people who lived in Greece during that era were very selfish and self-centered. Achilles is not the only character in The Iliad who acts this way. Agamemnon, king of the Greeks, is also a very selfish character in this epic poem. The conflicts between these two major characters have catastrophic results. Because Agamemnon doesnt want to give up Chryseis, his war-prize, Apollo cast a plague on the Greeks. Achilles goes to Agamemnon and asks him to return the girl to her father so the plague will end. He agrees to return her, but he doesnt want to be left empty-handed. He returns Chryseis to her home, and he takes Briseis, a war-prize of Achilles. Achilles is so angry with Agamemnon that he vows to stop helping him fight the Trojans. As the battle goes on, Agamemnon realizes how important Achilles and his Myrmidons are to the Achaean troops. The King of the Greeks then swallows his pride and offers gifts to Achilles if he will come back and help fight. Achilles, however, is so stubborn that he refuses all the gifts and will not allow his troops to fight. When he is offered the gifts he rudely responds, I hate the man like the very gates of death who says one thing but hides another in his heart.(Pg. 262 lines 378-379) This quote shows how much Achilles is hurt by what Agamemnon has done. When Odysseus leaves Achilles tent, Achilles best friend Patroclus persuades Achilles to lend him his armor so the Trojans will think it is Achilles and they will run away. This event ends with the death of Patroclus. Achilles then realized that he lost his friend because he had refused Agamemnons gifts and chose not to fight. The death of his friend is also a result his lack of respect for the kings authority. If he had done what Agamemnon said, none of this would have taken place. Achilles notices this, and in Book Twenty-four, he has changed. After Achilles rejoins the battle and avenges his friends death by killing Hector, he tries to destroy the body by dragging it behind his chariot. Zeus notices this and protects the body from deterioration and physical destru ction. He then sends Thetis, Achilles mother, down to tell the warrior to return the body to King Priam. He honors the wishes of his mother as well as the Gods. This is one type of respect he shows, but he also shows respect to King Priam when he comes to retrieve his sons corpse. After talking to King Priam, Achilles develops a bond with Priam and sees the King as a father figure. With this new love for King Priam, Achilles agrees to help him as much as he can. He grants Priam a truce for twelve days so the Trojans can bury Hector, Achilles gives King Priam a place to sleep for the night, and he has Hectors body washed. His respect for the King can be shown when Achilles says, All will be done, old Priam, as you command. (Pg. 610 line 786). Achilles seems to have changed his ways on dealing with authority figures. Mythology

Safety at the Construction Sites

Introduction Construction industry is amongst the largest industries in the world. It involves rebuilding of devastated areas either by natural or man-made catastrophes (E-facts 1). The industry incorporates man power, services and communications to meet the needs and expectations of people in the world.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Safety at the Construction Sites specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even with the recent technological advancement, construction industry still remains number one hirers of human labor. Statistics shows that it covers about 9% to 12% of the worlds’ working nation. It is expected to rise to 20% by 2015. According to study done by construction Industry (NACE sector F), the construction contributed approximately EUR 470 billion to the eu-15 economy. This represents about 5.2% of the GDP of the EU-15. Additionally, survey by Labor Force Survey in 2002 showed that construction sector employed about 12.7 Million workers which represented about 7.9% of the EU-15. The construction industry has grown continuously at a steady pace of 9% (European Agency for Safety and Health Work 3). However, this continuous growth and activity in the industry comes with a price to pay. There so many accidents recorded in the industry. It is difficult to give a statistical number of accidents in the industry as quite large number of the accidents goes undetected and unreported. Nevertheless, it is confirmed that most countries, fatal accidents in the construction accidents exceed those in other manufacturing industries. Factors that contribute to the accidents include the nature of the working environment such as exposure to weather and are often of over short life constructions. Additionally, there are high proportion of uninsured firms and self-employed workers. Actually, the industry has a large number of seasonal and migrants workers. Often these workers are unfamiliar wi th the construction principles and processes (ILO 1). Falls at the construction Falls from constructions are very dangerous. Depending on the height through which a person is likely to fall and the kind of surface on which the falling person is likely to fall. This calls for a tough requirement for the construction companies to implement so as to ensure that employees are well protected. Visiting most construction site one would notice one common factor- negligence on protective measures by the workers. Interview them and you would realize that they hardly know anything regarding fall protection.Advertising Looking for case study on labor law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, on a certain Friday of the year, an estimator visited construction site A to look at a cedar shake roof to estimate the cost of the construction. Speaking to a supervisor of the site, he climbed to the roof through open skylight by climbing a metal extension ladder. He was unaware that the contractor actually had used a sheet of thin insulating roof material to cover three 2 by 6 foot skylight openings in the roof. He stepped onto the insulating material and pooof! He landed on his back 15 feet below. As the supervisor and the employees heard the estimator fall, they hurried to the scene of accident. The estimator was rushed to the hospital five minutes later with serious spinal injuries. In this scenario, who should be held responsible of the incident? What should be learnt from this scenario to ensure safety at the construction site? (Geigle 7). From this case study and many others not mentioned here, it is clear that falls constitute the major injuries at the construction sites. These accidents are generally facilitated by a large number of factors. This calls for the establishment of standard for fall protection. Safety standards have been established and been revised to prevent employees from falling off at the con struction sites: â€Å"The rule covers most construction workers except those inspecting, investigating, or assessing workplace conditions prior to the actual start of work or after all work has been completed† (OSHA 1). These standards are used to find out the areas where workers require reinforcement against falls. These could include but not limited to excavations, walkways. Runways unprotected sides and edges, roofing work, wall openings amongst others (OSHA 1). Importance of establishing safety in the construction site According to the European Survey of Working Conditions in 2000, the average rate of absenteeism in the construction industry is said to be 30 million days annually. This implies that an average of 7.3 days of illness absence from place of work is reported. Out of this, 32% of the absentees are due to accidents related illnesses, 28% are non accident but work related complications and a 40% non work, no-accident related health issues. European Statistics on Accidents at work (ESAW) in 2000 revealed that there are about 822 thousands accidents cases of which 1200 of them are fatal accidents in the EU-15.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Safety at the Construction Sites specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This implies that about 18% of nonfatal accidents and 24% fatal accidents at work place are reported annually. This figure is not exhaustive as most of sectors do not report the accidents such as public sector and self employed sectors. Generally, it can be concluded that there are many other accidents in the construction sites and that the incidence rate of non fatal accidents at work is a twofold compared to the fatal. Of these accidents described above in the construction industry, about 200 workers die from falls at the construction sites. About 100 000 suffer from severe injuries. These fatal accidents and injuries have led to the establishment of standards t o manage the safety such as OSHA standard for fall protection (European Agency for Safety and Health Work 3). The protection is required because the employees at the construction sites can lose grip and slip or can trip and misstep at anytime. Thinking that the workers reflexes should guide and protect him is unrealistic as people fall inadvertently and may suffer serious damage or even die. Most of falls reported at the construction sites results from ladders, roofs and scaffolds. They are often caused by loss of balance due to tripping, miscalculated steps and slipping. The most common types of falls the construction sites includes falls from ladders, roofs, stationery vehicles, falls down stairs, from scaffolds and from girders and structural steels amongst others. This calls for a fall protection standards to be emphasized at the construction sites to alleviate the emotional, physical and economical suffering experienced by the affected individual, his relations the contractor a nd the government at large (Geigle 18). Improvement of safety and healthy working conditions is very essential to all stake holders in the industry and the government. Safety measures are all efforts planned and implemented with the intention of preventing accidents and ill- health. Time and again, the construction managers have been dealing with factors to minimize injuries to the workers. They forget that improving the working conditions of the employee enhances to a greater extent the safety of the employee. This is because in any construction industry there are more dangerous incidents than injuries themselves. Therefore, safety management refers to all activities carried out with the objectives of ensuring the environment is safe, the job itself is and in ensuring the workers themselves are safety conscious. Efficient safety management system should focus at a) training the employees at all levels on the key operations such as crane operations, scaffolders amongst others b) est ablish a safe procedure to follow in case of hazardous operations c) identify the duties and responsibilities of the supervisors and key workers d) establish the methods that will be used to campaign for safety and health (ILO 3).Advertising Looking for case study on labor law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For that reason, it is everybody’s role to prevent falls at the construction industry. For instance, the employers should familiarize themselves with all potential hazards at the site and eliminate them immediately to ensure there are no incidences of falls; and in case they occur, it will leave no one injured. Employers should also emphasize the importance of safe practices such as proper equipment usage and provide refresher trainings on the safety management techniques. Employees on the other hand should follow work safe practices; use the machines and equipments appropriately. They should actively participate in the safety management training and adopt what learnt into their daily operations. The employees should also be in a position to know what safe and unsafe practice is and identify the activities that increase fall risks in order to control exposure to fall hazards. Other professionals associating with the individuals at the work place should also educate on safety management trainings. These include architects, engineers, inspectors, assessors and others. Architects and engineers should train the other workers on the hazards that expose them to falls during every phase of the project. Additionally, as they design the constructions, they should consider fall protection amongst other safety requirements required during the entire project (Excavation 1). The owners and the managers should ensure that the inspectors of the project are acquainted adequately on measures and falls protection skills. They should insist on installation of anchorage. The manufacturers of the equipment should ensure that the equipments meets all the measures and standards set by the OSHA and ANSI safety requirements to protect the workers adequately. The machines should be accompanied by manuals with detailed operational procedures and troubleshooting techniques. Any potential danger of the equipment should be explained elaborately especially those which involves improp er use of the equipment. The last parties to be discussed are the lawyers. It is their role and responsibility to ensure that the clients’ construction binds and comply with all OSHA requirements. Before signing of the documents, the client should be explained in an elaborative manner and clearly on his responsibilities in workers protection from falls and other forms injuries to ensure that client understands the repercussions that come with the negligence of such matters. If everyone takes his responsibility seriously, then the incidences of falls and other hazardous injuries will decline significantly (OSHA 1). OSHA Principles and concepts on falling issues The US department of labor has established an occupational safety health administration (OSHA) has set up standards with the aim of reducing the number of deaths and injuries arising from the construction sites. According to OSHA, falls is the leading fatalities in the construction industry. There are approximated 200 deaths reported cases annually with more than 100, 000 an injury arising from falls at the construction sites. The measures against falling is observed to ensure that workers as well as tools do not fall as this will be risky those who pass by and fellow workers. The standards emphasizes on the establishment of protection systems in every situation. Safety systems have to be put in place by experts to ensure that safety levels are boosted. The employees should be supervised properly and be trained on the proper selection, use and maintenance of the equipments. OSHA carried out a revision on its measures: According to OSHA, the work area should be clearly marked and designated (controlled access zones). This is to ensure that the workers and intruders are kept out and that only the authorized persons are allowed to access. These zones should be strongly so that they a reliable support. The working zones should be of some good stability: the surface must be rigid and tough to support heavy loads and thus avoid unnecessary collapsing. The strength of the zones should be tough. For employees dealing with excavations, the employee at the edge that is more than 6 feet deep must be protected from falling using a guardrail systems, barricades or covers. For employees moving vertically or horizontally using a rebar requires no fall protection as OSHA considers that the rebar provides similar protection. Additionally, no protection is required by an employee moving to heights below 24 feet. However, fall protection must be offered to those climbing or moving to heights more than 24 feet. Employees in a hoist area must be protected from falling 6feet or more according to OSHA fall protection standards. If the protection is to be removed for any reason, the worker must remain leaning on the access opening in order to be protected. In addition, the employee must be protected by a personal arrest system. When dealing with holes deeper than 6 feet, the employee must be prote cted by erected personal systems around the holes such as guardrail. When working near edges of a construction higher and or lower than 6 feet, the employee must be protected using fall protection system. This also applies when working on overhand bricklaying and related work and precast concrete erection and other residential constructions that have heights higher or lower than that 6 feet (OSHA 1). The fall protection systems and criteria approved by OSHA include the guardrail systems. If the employer chooses the guardrail to protect the workers than the top rails and midrails must be at least one quarter inch nominal diameter to prevent incidences of cuts and lacerations. Where are â€Å"wire and ropes are used for top rails, it should be flagged at about 6 feet intervals with high visibility material† (Geigle 23). Some the materials that must not be used as top rails and midrails include manila plastic or synthetic rope. The top sedge height toprails guardrails must be 42 inches with an allowance of 8 centimeters. Additionally, the guardrail should withstand a force of at least 200 pounds. It has been noted that â€Å"at holes the guardrail systems should be set up on all unprotected sides or edges† (Geigle 23). The next protection system advocated by OSHA is the personal fall arrest systems. The fall protection system consists of connectors, belts, an anchorage or body harness. The following criterion has been established a limit maximum arresting force on an employee to 900pounds should be used with a body belt. For employee weighing about 1800 or more a body harness should be used. The personal arrest systems must be rigged to ensure that the worker cannot fall. It is also important to bring the worker to a complete maximum deceleration distance in order to have sufficient strength that can with stand the potential of an employee falling. OSHA also emphasizes on the importance of monitoring safety systems. This ensures that the all fall ha zards are recognized. This way the workers can be trained on the dangers of the detected unsafe work practices. Regarding warning line systems, they should not be flagged at intervals more than 6 feet. The flagging should be done with highly visible material (Excavation 12). Lastly, OSHA emphasizes on the importance of training. The training teacher should be well acquainted in ways to identify hazards and how to minimize them. The trainer should offer training in the following areas recommended by OSHA a) the nature of common hazards at the sites of the construction area b) the appropriate procedure to erect, maintain, inspect and dissemble fall protection systems c) the proper use of controlled access zones and guardrail, personal fall arrest, warning line and the safety monitoring d) the role of each party in ensuring that safety is maintained when the all protection systems are in use e) the limitation on the improper use of machines and equipments f) the appropriate way to hand le the equipment and materials handling and their storage and the importance of erection of overhead protection and lastly g) the role and benefits of employees fall protection plans. OSHA demands that all the workers have to be trained on handling emergence. The document must be signed by employer, the trainer and the trainees (Geiglen 45). Conclusion In summation, the safety managers should ensure that the working environment is favorable. This includes enough working space to allow employees work safely. The roofs, floors and other surfaces should be constructed and maintained to minimize the possibility of falls and to ensure movement at the work place is not hindered. Additionally, the lighting at the place should be adequate to allow easier flow of activities at the work place. There should be no excessive glare of reflection but the lighting should be enough for safe operations. Another crucial thing is that the working environment should be well ventilated with adequate air movement to avoid too hot or too cold circulation of air in the place of work. There should also be adequate personal protective equipment to the employees. Giving the employees enough rest regimes helps in maintaining the physical fitness of their general health. Noise should be minimized if possible or alternatively the individuals should be disallowed to be at place with excessive noise exceeding eight hours. Lastly, other regulations should be maintained such as fire prevention, well fitted electricity cables to minimize electrocution, working heights and appropriate manual handling of machines and proper ventilations. The OSHA principles and concepts should be followed to the latter to significantly minimize the number of falls and other injuries in the construction industry. Works Cited E-facts. â€Å"Hazards and risks associated with manual handling in the work place.† European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, 2012. Web. European Agency for Safety and Health Work. â€Å"Actions to improve safety and health in construction.† Magazine of the European Agency for safety and Health at work, 2004. Web. Excavation. â€Å"Excavation, Trenching and shoring safety and OSHA’s Excavation Standard.† AFSCE Training and Education Institute Manual. Web. Geigle, Steven. â€Å"OSHAcademy Course 714study guide: Fall protection.† Geigle Safety Group Inc., 2012. Web. ILO. â€Å"Safety, health and welfare on construction sites. A training manual.† International Labor Organization, 2000. Web. OSHA. â€Å"US Department of Labor website.† OSHA, 2012. Web. This case study on Safety at the Construction Sites was written and submitted by user Averie Garcia to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.