Bioliographic Information on Slavery and Colonial Rule in...

Bibliographic Information: Klein, Martin A., Slavery And Colonial Rule in French West Africa, 1998, Cambridge University Press The book bears importance in being one of the few studies about domestic slavery within the French West Africa. It contributes to the field of study, by elaborating on the importance of slavery in Senegal, Sudan and Guinea in Africa’s development. The period of the study lies from 1876 to 1922, wherein Klein ultimately shows the evolution of slavery. In the years prior to 1876, Klein argued that slavery had an economic and social significance in societies. There are two themes which form a major part of the book. They include: the conflict between the French in the metropole and the French in Africa; and the†¦show more content†¦Due to the social taboo of being an ex-slave (or of slave heritage), there are ex-slaves who are afraid to mention their backgrounds to Klein. This obviously leads to a limitation of evidence, which perhaps makes it difficult for the reader to form an idea on what slavery was fully like. Despite this, Klein shows admiration for those of slave backgrounds in portraying them as being spurred on by past oppressions, to achieve a better life than those with master backgrounds. To further his arguments, Klein uses secondary sources as a basis to criticize traditional arguments. Apart from the deep historical analysis and the descriptive historical events (which aid in backing up Klein’s knowledge and deep research in the field), the book’s structure is significant. In terms of illustrations, Klein uses maps, figures and pictures. Maps are an essential part of the book in providing vivid ideas on where battles occurred or which societies were based where. In this case, his writings and the maps form a symbiotic relationship, in that the reader can understand the context through the use of maps and his writing (clear up properly). Each chapter is structured in a way that allows the reader to navigate around the chapter and read the relevant information. All chapters include an introductory section (aimed at outlining the key points of the chapter in question) and a conclusion (aimed at summarising and tying together the

The Rise and Spread of Islam - 1129 Words

The Rise and Spread of Islam The world you once knew is falling to ashes and food is become such a scarcity that people are fighting over a few pieces of bread. The political class is too busy fighting among themselves to care for anyone else. Children are roaming the streets and begging for work to feed their dying, hungry stomachs. This is not a scene from a horror movie, but rather the reality of the beginning of post classical era. In these times of hardship the people turned to a higher power, which resulted in a religious boom. The main religion during the post classical era that had the greatest impact on people was Islam due to Muhammad, trade routes, the Black Plague, conquests and Islamic culture. The prophet Muhammad had a†¦show more content†¦The perspective on the plague that the Islamic people had led to more respect for the religion as well as many more followers. Along with the plague, the various conquests also played an important role in the spread of Islam. Some regions that were conquered by the Arabic Empire were: Sub-Saharan Africa, Central Asia, India, and parts of South-East Asia. These conquests led the Arabic Empire to control these regions and led to the spread of Islam. For instance, they enforced a tax on Christians and Jews, which resulted in many converts to Islam to avoid this tax. However, the people who kept belief in other religions other than Christian, Jewish, or Islamic, they were given an option to convert to Islam or sentenced to death which led to more converts of Islamic belief as well. Furthermore, this influence and many people converting led to a chain reaction in which more people were converting. Similarly, according to the article, â€Å"The Spread of Islam,† Islam was able to spread in Central Asia due to â€Å"force and persuasion.† Even though in many nations the religion of Islam was forced, i t was a beneficial factor for the spreading of that religion rather than a negative one. For instance, in â€Å"The Spread of Islam,† they mention how Islam became appealing to many people due to the fact that the conquering of other nations displayed victory and power forShow MoreRelatedRise and Spread of Islam1890 Words   |  8 PagesThe religion of Islam has risen up and spread throughout the world to become one of the world’s three largest religions. Islam originated in the desert of present day Saudi Arabia amongst the Arabs. The Arabs were a Semitic-speaking people. They were also a polytheistic society that worshipped an enormous number of gods and goddesses. There was almost one for every day of the year. The entire way of life that the Arabs knew was about to change with the birth of the prophet Muhammad. This manRead MoreThe First Global Civilization : The Rise And Spread Of Islam1539 Words   |  7 PagesCivilization: The Rise and Spread of Islam Introduction Muslims believed in Allah. This was their God. They only believed in Allah. Muslim’s biggest rivals were Christians. In the seventh century, Muhammed controlled several empires, including Persia, Greece, and Egypt. These empires took him decades to acquire, however. Empires were beginning to spread to places like: -Africa, Asia and Southern Europe. -Central Asia, Western Asia and Southern Asia. -They also spread to some trade routesRead MoreThe Rise Of Islam, And Its Subsequent Diffusion Across Eurasia1307 Words   |  6 PagesIslam is thought to be the religion of the people, whatever race or background they might be (Haghnavaz, 2013). The rise of Islam began circa 613CE, when the Islamic prophet Muhammad, began to spread the word of the revelations God (Allah) gave to him. From the cities of Makkah in the Arabian desert, the message of Islam spread with great speed. Within half a century since the Prophet Muhammad’s death, the message of Islam had risen in 3 continents (Haghnavaz, 2013). The aim of this essay is to discoverRead MoreIslam Spread Over A Large Portion Of Africa898 Words   |  4 PagesIslam spread over a large portion of Africa through trade with Arabs and the people in the interior of Africa, the Sufi brotherhoods that helped to solidify the beliefs in people, and Arab settlers in Africa. In combination with those, the vast trade networks in Africa and the Indian Ocean, the rise of states in West Africa, urbanization of towns, and the Islamic revivalist movement all helped to spread the religion and ideologies of Islam through Africa. The origins of Islam in Africa did stem fromRead MoreThe Rise of Christianity vs. the Rise of Islam740 Words   |  3 PagesThe Rise of Christianity vs. the Rise of Islam The rise of Christianity and Islam happened during a turbulent time in history, when major civilizations like the Roman Empire and the Persian Empire were in decline due to political infighting, disease, and outside barbarians constantly applying pressure. Christianity was adopted in the heart of the Roman Empire, as a way to continue the influence of Rome, while not being able to control all of Europe militarily. (Rise of Christianity, 2012) ThereforeRead MoreThe Rise Of Islam By Matthew Gordon954 Words   |  4 PagesGordon’s book, â€Å"The Rise of Islam†. Throughout the course of history, many religions have had a profound effect on western civilization. During the early 5th century a religion arose that had an extremely important impact on western civilization. The Arabic prophet Muhammad founded the religion known today as Islam. Violence, diplomacy, Arabic tradition, and public law played a vital role in the rise and conquest of Islam. These four key elements t hat fostered the rise of Islam helped establish oneRead More Anti-semitism Essay1015 Words   |  5 Pagesand persecuted Jews. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;First, the Muslim’s basis for anti-Judaism rests primarily on religious beliefs. Islam teaches that Allah, the Muslim god, requires that a good Muslim pray a ritual prayer five times per day, give a token of their income to charity, and if possible a pilgrimage to Mecca, their Holy City (â€Å"The Rise and Spread of Islam†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). â€Å"Muhammad himself was hostile to the Jews† (Rivkin 25) because he believed Allah to be the one true God and saw the Jewish DoctrineRead MoreIslam Dbq Essay930 Words   |  4 Pages(Class) - (period) March 19, 2013 Why Did Islam Spread So Quickly? Islam originated in present day Saudi Arabia where the prophet, Muhammad, had been born. Islam would later be able to spread quickly through trade, the appealing nature of the Islamic faith, and military campaigns. In the â€Å"Arabian Peninsula Trade Routes† (Doc. A) it shows how Mecca was very busy with all kinds of trade. Since Mecca is where Islam would start in the upcoming years, traders wouldRead MoreThe Spread Of Christianity And Western Europe1637 Words   |  7 PagesThe spread of Christianity in Western Europe was both similar and different to the spread of Islam. The rise of Islam starts with the Prophet Muhammad, believed by Muslims (followers of Islam) to be the last in a line of prophets that includes Moses and Jesus. Because Muhammad was the chosen one to be the messenger of the word of God, Muslims from all around the world work to follow the example he set. For Muslims after the Qur an (their bible), the sayings and teachings of Muhammad and the descriptionsRead MoreIslam : A Unique Religion1208 Words   |  5 PagesIslam is a unique religion that was founded by a prophet named Muhammad in the 7th century. The religion came at a time when various religion s such as Judaism, Christians and other polytheistic religions dominated. The previous religions managed to coexist and even share common grounds such as the Ka’aba. Both Islam and Christian religions were based off of tradition and customs from the tribe’s fathers before them. Their religious customs ran rapid throughout the Mediterranean and especially in

Old Man And The Sea And Other Stories Essay Example For Students

Old Man And The Sea And Other Stories Essay English: Book Report:Hemingways Old Man And The Sea July 03, 1998 English Old Man and the Sea This part of the story has to do with Santiago against nature and the sea. In this part of the story, he goes out and fights nature in the form of terrible forces and dangerous creatures, among them, a marlin, sharks and hunger. He starts the story in a small skiff and moves out in a journey to capture a fish after a long losing streak of eighty-four days. Unfortunately his friend must desert him due to this problem and a greater force, his parents. Santiago must go out into the danger alone. For three harsh days and nights he fights a fish of enormous power. This is the second form of nature he must conquer. Earlier in the story, the first part of nature is himself, for which he must fight off his hunger. This is a harsh part of the story. He manages though to get a few bites in the form of flying fish and dolphin of which he would like to have salt on. This part of the story tells of a col d and harsh sea, that is, one that has value and mystery as well as death and danger. It has commercial value as well as the population of life in it. It is dark and treacherous though, and every day there is a challenge. A similar story tells about a tidal pool with life called `Cannery Road. This part of the story has to deal with figures of Christ. It mainly deals with Santiago as being a figure of Christ and other characters as props, that is, characters which carry out the form of biblical themes. On the day before he leaves when he wakes up, Manolin, his helper, comes to his aid with food and drink. Also a point that might be good is that he has had bad luck with his goal for a great period of time and is sure it will work this time. Later, though, when Santiago needs him for the quest he sets out to do, Manolin deserts him, although he may not have wanted to at this time. In the novel Santiago comes upon a force bigger than his skiff, the marlin which misleads him out far pas t his intended reach. This is where he starts to lose his strength against something which seems a greater force. Santiago has a struggle of three days, which is significent because of the three days in Easter, and continues to fight on though his goal may not aquire anything. This is another idea through which Christ did, a struggle to get a goal done even though it may mean certain destruction to himself. This might accomplish nothing but the satisfaction of doing this and also has great risks. Finally he comes upon a painful experience with his hand which is in great pain and wont move. This is useful in the place where Christ loses his physical self and has less to deal with. On the third day, he recovers himself and returns to his home even though his only remaining treasure was a broken skiff, experience, and a torn up marlin. And in the final conclusion, you can see him dragging the mast of his skiff, a cross-like object, in his hand. This story has a certain sequence of even ts, first it has a hunter vs. his prey. This hunter does respect th e prey. Throughout the book it has this series of events: encounter, battle, defeat, and respect for the prey. This is Hemmingways `Code of Honor. This part of the novel has to do with relationships between two characters. The first to discuss are Santiago and Manolin, Manolin being the small follower of the old man named Santiago. Manolin is a small person that follows Santiago and listens to his wisdom. They treat each other unfriendly though for Manolin calls the Santiago old man and he calls Manolin `boy which seems to be absurd. In that situation I would consider both of them to go see a doctor. The next relationship to talk about would be that between Santiago and the village, which seems to be much better. He is given credit for food and he also is waiting to show his greatness to the villageby catching a great fish as soon as he can. His thought on that, though, is that any fisherman can ctach it during the easy season but only a few can go out and catch one during the hard season. He has no consideration for the luck, and would rather try to fish through being exact rather than being lucky. The other relationship in this story has to do with Manolin and his parents. Manolin seems to be very rebellious against his parents, although he does submit to their demands. Santiagos greatest link to the village is the boy. Santiago may be poor in the story, yet is proud. This story when compared to being imaginative is good, but in real life is somewhat of a `Fish Story. The part where an old man being able to load in a ton of fish is very unimaginable. The scenario, though, is very interesting for the part of the old man. He goes out all alone into the depths of the ocean without an idea for what is in store. This story has good points, for when it comes to the better parts of the story, it emphasizes by placing in mind step by step of the way he does certain actions. The part of the story whi ch, to the best of my belief, had no part or reference in the story was the dream of lions on a beach of Africa, which this fisherman probably had never even visited much less seeing lions on a beach. This was like most stories in the main plot. First characters are introduced, then a threat reveals itself, showing true natures of all the characters, and finally the threat is fought off or it remains, leaving the reader in suspense. This had a good plot but needed more to go on in my opinion. Hemingways strong parts of this story are emphasized on vocabulary. He probably learned these fisherman terms for he once was a fisherman in Cuba. There is one problem to this, though. Throughout the story he uses these terms over and over although the ordinary person, like me, would forget them after the first use of them and unfortunately he doesnt ever re-coin the terms again throughout the book. Some vocabulary he uses stands for sharks or the sea itself. Others he uses for bait. The main i dea though in this part is to let the reader get the feel for the life, setting and character of the fisherman himself. This is a great move to place yet is also very hard to co-exist with the average reader. This has some good points, though, and among them is review. The reader must review the story and skim it in order to rethink the concept of the word. Then he or she must return to the current position in the book and place it into the text. The concept of vocabulary is a standard not to live by, and should not be placed into most books unless the terms are to be used many times throughout the book. Hemingway has merged three themes already mentioned above successfully unto this book. Among them are figures of Christ, Nature (the sea), and a code of honor. This was challenging. The obvious ones were nature, its cruelty and compassion. Nature caused his hand pain yet healed it, caused hunger yet satisfied it, and gave the fish yet reclaimed it. This is the way nature works. Natu re is actually more luck than a set of rules, for it can shift back and forth with the greatest of ease. The second theme, religion, could not be easily pulled from the text. The best clue to where it happens is the falls of Santiago as well as his carrying the mast. This symbolizes the end of Christ, although Santiago on the other hand is just retiring for the night. But it could be interpreted as the end of the book for which it is. The code of honor is not actually probably the hardest to interpret. It can only be pulled from context, which is the hardest to do. It has mainly to do with the rise, battle and fall of the prey and respect following. The problem in this is that Santiago was at fault for expanding out so far, and it was dangerous. This is similiar to the book A Journey to the Center of the Earth, which I recently read. Back to School Sucks English: Greek:A vew of achilles on the Iliadand odesy December 10, 1998 Bernardo Uribe English character: The Iliad 9/10/98 Achil les Achilles was the bravest, strongest and most feared of the achian soldier, but pride and desire for revenge would be of a very high expense. With his help victory for the Greek army could have been easier, but instead he not only laid aside of battle, but he plead the gods that his own army loses. His revenge against Agamemnon cost him his honor, the death of his best friend Patroclus, and in the long run, his death. When Agamemnon sends for Briseis, because he had to give away Cryseis, Achilles shows great wisdom by withdrawing himself and all his troops of battle, but giving away the girl without any difficulty. By not fighting, he shows that he has honor, and that he cannot be taken for granted, but he still gives the girl away without battle, showing that he wont let his pride turn him against his own army. A little later than Achilles had been separated from Braises, he goes against all of this achievements, and asks his mother Thetas for help. He requests his mother to inf luence with Zeus, so that the Trojans defeat his fellow Greek soldiers a point they will require his help and realize what he is really worth to them. By requesting this from his mother, Achilles shows that his hunger for revenge is grater as time goes by. As Achilles hunger for revenge grows bigger he lets his principals get less in the way of his personal satisfaction. All these nights I am absent from your side, and not demanded back; you delay and your anger is slow. With time Achilles plan works, and Agamemnon comes to him for help, offering him to give him many valuable presents and to return to him Briseis to make up for his mistake, but Achilles doesnt accept this claming that he cannot be bought or sold. By the time Agamemnon decides to respond to Achilles requests, Achilles hunger for revenge had grown big enough that he wont be satisfied until he sees the complete downfall of Agamemnon. Which is compleatly unreseanoble, becouse he is going aginst his own troops with the only pupose of revenging his injured pride. The only way Achilles understood that his revenge was killing his own people, was when his best friend Patroclus, was already dead. Even though he tried to revenge him, it was to late, his lousy attitude had killed Patroclus. Explanation Of The Poem From Snowbound Essay English: Greek:Achilles Respect for Authority April 21, 1998 Respect for authority plays an important role in The Iliad. Achilles is a major character in it whose views on authority change throughout the book. In Book One, he seems to have no respect for King Agamemnon. Achilles questions his judgment as well as rebelling against his authority. This is shown best when Achilles says, What a worthless, burnt-out coward Id be called if I would submit to you and all your orders. (Pg. 87 line 43-45). This is an outright lack of respect directed toward Agamemnon. By Book Twenty-four however, his views seem to have changed. Achilles talks to King Priam of Troy with respect. An example in Book twenty-four is when Achilles and King Priam weep together over their losses. Book One portrays Achilles as an individualist. This was the accepted way of life in the Bronze Age, which is when Achilles lived. The people who lived in Greece during that era were very selfish and self-centered. Achilles is not the only character in The Iliad who acts this way. Agamemnon, king of the Greeks, is also a very selfish character in this epic poem. The conflicts between these two major characters have catastrophic results. Because Agamemnon doesnt want to give up Chryseis, his war-prize, Apollo cast a plague on the Greeks. Achilles goes to Agamemnon and asks him to return the girl to her father so the plague will end. He agrees to return her, but he doesnt want to be left empty-handed. He returns Chryseis to her home, and he takes Briseis, a war-prize of Achilles. Achilles is so angry with Agamemnon that he vows to stop helping him fight the Trojans. As the battle goes on, Agamemnon realizes how important Achilles and his Myrmidons are to the Achaean troops. The King of the Greeks then swallows his pride and offers gifts to Achilles if he will come back and help fight. Achilles, however, is so stubborn that he refuses all the gifts and will not allow his troops to fight. When he is offered the gifts he rudely responds, I hate the man like the very gates of death who says one thing but hides another in his heart.(Pg. 262 lines 378-379) This quote shows how much Achilles is hurt by what Agamemnon has done. When Odysseus leaves Achilles tent, Achilles best friend Patroclus persuades Achilles to lend him his armor so the Trojans will think it is Achilles and they will run away. This event ends with the death of Patroclus. Achilles then realized that he lost his friend because he had refused Agamemnons gifts and chose not to fight. The death of his friend is also a result his lack of respect for the kings authority. If he had done what Agamemnon said, none of this would have taken place. Achilles notices this, and in Book Twenty-four, he has changed. After Achilles rejoins the battle and avenges his friends death by killing Hector, he tries to destroy the body by dragging it behind his chariot. Zeus notices this and protects the body from deterioration and physical destru ction. He then sends Thetis, Achilles mother, down to tell the warrior to return the body to King Priam. He honors the wishes of his mother as well as the Gods. This is one type of respect he shows, but he also shows respect to King Priam when he comes to retrieve his sons corpse. After talking to King Priam, Achilles develops a bond with Priam and sees the King as a father figure. With this new love for King Priam, Achilles agrees to help him as much as he can. He grants Priam a truce for twelve days so the Trojans can bury Hector, Achilles gives King Priam a place to sleep for the night, and he has Hectors body washed. His respect for the King can be shown when Achilles says, All will be done, old Priam, as you command. (Pg. 610 line 786). Achilles seems to have changed his ways on dealing with authority figures. Mythology

Safety at the Construction Sites

Introduction Construction industry is amongst the largest industries in the world. It involves rebuilding of devastated areas either by natural or man-made catastrophes (E-facts 1). The industry incorporates man power, services and communications to meet the needs and expectations of people in the world.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Safety at the Construction Sites specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even with the recent technological advancement, construction industry still remains number one hirers of human labor. Statistics shows that it covers about 9% to 12% of the worlds’ working nation. It is expected to rise to 20% by 2015. According to study done by construction Industry (NACE sector F), the construction contributed approximately EUR 470 billion to the eu-15 economy. This represents about 5.2% of the GDP of the EU-15. Additionally, survey by Labor Force Survey in 2002 showed that construction sector employed about 12.7 Million workers which represented about 7.9% of the EU-15. The construction industry has grown continuously at a steady pace of 9% (European Agency for Safety and Health Work 3). However, this continuous growth and activity in the industry comes with a price to pay. There so many accidents recorded in the industry. It is difficult to give a statistical number of accidents in the industry as quite large number of the accidents goes undetected and unreported. Nevertheless, it is confirmed that most countries, fatal accidents in the construction accidents exceed those in other manufacturing industries. Factors that contribute to the accidents include the nature of the working environment such as exposure to weather and are often of over short life constructions. Additionally, there are high proportion of uninsured firms and self-employed workers. Actually, the industry has a large number of seasonal and migrants workers. Often these workers are unfamiliar wi th the construction principles and processes (ILO 1). Falls at the construction Falls from constructions are very dangerous. Depending on the height through which a person is likely to fall and the kind of surface on which the falling person is likely to fall. This calls for a tough requirement for the construction companies to implement so as to ensure that employees are well protected. Visiting most construction site one would notice one common factor- negligence on protective measures by the workers. Interview them and you would realize that they hardly know anything regarding fall protection.Advertising Looking for case study on labor law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, on a certain Friday of the year, an estimator visited construction site A to look at a cedar shake roof to estimate the cost of the construction. Speaking to a supervisor of the site, he climbed to the roof through open skylight by climbing a metal extension ladder. He was unaware that the contractor actually had used a sheet of thin insulating roof material to cover three 2 by 6 foot skylight openings in the roof. He stepped onto the insulating material and pooof! He landed on his back 15 feet below. As the supervisor and the employees heard the estimator fall, they hurried to the scene of accident. The estimator was rushed to the hospital five minutes later with serious spinal injuries. In this scenario, who should be held responsible of the incident? What should be learnt from this scenario to ensure safety at the construction site? (Geigle 7). From this case study and many others not mentioned here, it is clear that falls constitute the major injuries at the construction sites. These accidents are generally facilitated by a large number of factors. This calls for the establishment of standard for fall protection. Safety standards have been established and been revised to prevent employees from falling off at the con struction sites: â€Å"The rule covers most construction workers except those inspecting, investigating, or assessing workplace conditions prior to the actual start of work or after all work has been completed† (OSHA 1). These standards are used to find out the areas where workers require reinforcement against falls. These could include but not limited to excavations, walkways. Runways unprotected sides and edges, roofing work, wall openings amongst others (OSHA 1). Importance of establishing safety in the construction site According to the European Survey of Working Conditions in 2000, the average rate of absenteeism in the construction industry is said to be 30 million days annually. This implies that an average of 7.3 days of illness absence from place of work is reported. Out of this, 32% of the absentees are due to accidents related illnesses, 28% are non accident but work related complications and a 40% non work, no-accident related health issues. European Statistics on Accidents at work (ESAW) in 2000 revealed that there are about 822 thousands accidents cases of which 1200 of them are fatal accidents in the EU-15.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Safety at the Construction Sites specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This implies that about 18% of nonfatal accidents and 24% fatal accidents at work place are reported annually. This figure is not exhaustive as most of sectors do not report the accidents such as public sector and self employed sectors. Generally, it can be concluded that there are many other accidents in the construction sites and that the incidence rate of non fatal accidents at work is a twofold compared to the fatal. Of these accidents described above in the construction industry, about 200 workers die from falls at the construction sites. About 100 000 suffer from severe injuries. These fatal accidents and injuries have led to the establishment of standards t o manage the safety such as OSHA standard for fall protection (European Agency for Safety and Health Work 3). The protection is required because the employees at the construction sites can lose grip and slip or can trip and misstep at anytime. Thinking that the workers reflexes should guide and protect him is unrealistic as people fall inadvertently and may suffer serious damage or even die. Most of falls reported at the construction sites results from ladders, roofs and scaffolds. They are often caused by loss of balance due to tripping, miscalculated steps and slipping. The most common types of falls the construction sites includes falls from ladders, roofs, stationery vehicles, falls down stairs, from scaffolds and from girders and structural steels amongst others. This calls for a fall protection standards to be emphasized at the construction sites to alleviate the emotional, physical and economical suffering experienced by the affected individual, his relations the contractor a nd the government at large (Geigle 18). Improvement of safety and healthy working conditions is very essential to all stake holders in the industry and the government. Safety measures are all efforts planned and implemented with the intention of preventing accidents and ill- health. Time and again, the construction managers have been dealing with factors to minimize injuries to the workers. They forget that improving the working conditions of the employee enhances to a greater extent the safety of the employee. This is because in any construction industry there are more dangerous incidents than injuries themselves. Therefore, safety management refers to all activities carried out with the objectives of ensuring the environment is safe, the job itself is and in ensuring the workers themselves are safety conscious. Efficient safety management system should focus at a) training the employees at all levels on the key operations such as crane operations, scaffolders amongst others b) est ablish a safe procedure to follow in case of hazardous operations c) identify the duties and responsibilities of the supervisors and key workers d) establish the methods that will be used to campaign for safety and health (ILO 3).Advertising Looking for case study on labor law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For that reason, it is everybody’s role to prevent falls at the construction industry. For instance, the employers should familiarize themselves with all potential hazards at the site and eliminate them immediately to ensure there are no incidences of falls; and in case they occur, it will leave no one injured. Employers should also emphasize the importance of safe practices such as proper equipment usage and provide refresher trainings on the safety management techniques. Employees on the other hand should follow work safe practices; use the machines and equipments appropriately. They should actively participate in the safety management training and adopt what learnt into their daily operations. The employees should also be in a position to know what safe and unsafe practice is and identify the activities that increase fall risks in order to control exposure to fall hazards. Other professionals associating with the individuals at the work place should also educate on safety management trainings. These include architects, engineers, inspectors, assessors and others. Architects and engineers should train the other workers on the hazards that expose them to falls during every phase of the project. Additionally, as they design the constructions, they should consider fall protection amongst other safety requirements required during the entire project (Excavation 1). The owners and the managers should ensure that the inspectors of the project are acquainted adequately on measures and falls protection skills. They should insist on installation of anchorage. The manufacturers of the equipment should ensure that the equipments meets all the measures and standards set by the OSHA and ANSI safety requirements to protect the workers adequately. The machines should be accompanied by manuals with detailed operational procedures and troubleshooting techniques. Any potential danger of the equipment should be explained elaborately especially those which involves improp er use of the equipment. The last parties to be discussed are the lawyers. It is their role and responsibility to ensure that the clients’ construction binds and comply with all OSHA requirements. Before signing of the documents, the client should be explained in an elaborative manner and clearly on his responsibilities in workers protection from falls and other forms injuries to ensure that client understands the repercussions that come with the negligence of such matters. If everyone takes his responsibility seriously, then the incidences of falls and other hazardous injuries will decline significantly (OSHA 1). OSHA Principles and concepts on falling issues The US department of labor has established an occupational safety health administration (OSHA) has set up standards with the aim of reducing the number of deaths and injuries arising from the construction sites. According to OSHA, falls is the leading fatalities in the construction industry. There are approximated 200 deaths reported cases annually with more than 100, 000 an injury arising from falls at the construction sites. The measures against falling is observed to ensure that workers as well as tools do not fall as this will be risky those who pass by and fellow workers. The standards emphasizes on the establishment of protection systems in every situation. Safety systems have to be put in place by experts to ensure that safety levels are boosted. The employees should be supervised properly and be trained on the proper selection, use and maintenance of the equipments. OSHA carried out a revision on its measures: According to OSHA, the work area should be clearly marked and designated (controlled access zones). This is to ensure that the workers and intruders are kept out and that only the authorized persons are allowed to access. These zones should be strongly so that they a reliable support. The working zones should be of some good stability: the surface must be rigid and tough to support heavy loads and thus avoid unnecessary collapsing. The strength of the zones should be tough. For employees dealing with excavations, the employee at the edge that is more than 6 feet deep must be protected from falling using a guardrail systems, barricades or covers. For employees moving vertically or horizontally using a rebar requires no fall protection as OSHA considers that the rebar provides similar protection. Additionally, no protection is required by an employee moving to heights below 24 feet. However, fall protection must be offered to those climbing or moving to heights more than 24 feet. Employees in a hoist area must be protected from falling 6feet or more according to OSHA fall protection standards. If the protection is to be removed for any reason, the worker must remain leaning on the access opening in order to be protected. In addition, the employee must be protected by a personal arrest system. When dealing with holes deeper than 6 feet, the employee must be prote cted by erected personal systems around the holes such as guardrail. When working near edges of a construction higher and or lower than 6 feet, the employee must be protected using fall protection system. This also applies when working on overhand bricklaying and related work and precast concrete erection and other residential constructions that have heights higher or lower than that 6 feet (OSHA 1). The fall protection systems and criteria approved by OSHA include the guardrail systems. If the employer chooses the guardrail to protect the workers than the top rails and midrails must be at least one quarter inch nominal diameter to prevent incidences of cuts and lacerations. Where are â€Å"wire and ropes are used for top rails, it should be flagged at about 6 feet intervals with high visibility material† (Geigle 23). Some the materials that must not be used as top rails and midrails include manila plastic or synthetic rope. The top sedge height toprails guardrails must be 42 inches with an allowance of 8 centimeters. Additionally, the guardrail should withstand a force of at least 200 pounds. It has been noted that â€Å"at holes the guardrail systems should be set up on all unprotected sides or edges† (Geigle 23). The next protection system advocated by OSHA is the personal fall arrest systems. The fall protection system consists of connectors, belts, an anchorage or body harness. The following criterion has been established a limit maximum arresting force on an employee to 900pounds should be used with a body belt. For employee weighing about 1800 or more a body harness should be used. The personal arrest systems must be rigged to ensure that the worker cannot fall. It is also important to bring the worker to a complete maximum deceleration distance in order to have sufficient strength that can with stand the potential of an employee falling. OSHA also emphasizes on the importance of monitoring safety systems. This ensures that the all fall ha zards are recognized. This way the workers can be trained on the dangers of the detected unsafe work practices. Regarding warning line systems, they should not be flagged at intervals more than 6 feet. The flagging should be done with highly visible material (Excavation 12). Lastly, OSHA emphasizes on the importance of training. The training teacher should be well acquainted in ways to identify hazards and how to minimize them. The trainer should offer training in the following areas recommended by OSHA a) the nature of common hazards at the sites of the construction area b) the appropriate procedure to erect, maintain, inspect and dissemble fall protection systems c) the proper use of controlled access zones and guardrail, personal fall arrest, warning line and the safety monitoring d) the role of each party in ensuring that safety is maintained when the all protection systems are in use e) the limitation on the improper use of machines and equipments f) the appropriate way to hand le the equipment and materials handling and their storage and the importance of erection of overhead protection and lastly g) the role and benefits of employees fall protection plans. OSHA demands that all the workers have to be trained on handling emergence. The document must be signed by employer, the trainer and the trainees (Geiglen 45). Conclusion In summation, the safety managers should ensure that the working environment is favorable. This includes enough working space to allow employees work safely. The roofs, floors and other surfaces should be constructed and maintained to minimize the possibility of falls and to ensure movement at the work place is not hindered. Additionally, the lighting at the place should be adequate to allow easier flow of activities at the work place. There should be no excessive glare of reflection but the lighting should be enough for safe operations. Another crucial thing is that the working environment should be well ventilated with adequate air movement to avoid too hot or too cold circulation of air in the place of work. There should also be adequate personal protective equipment to the employees. Giving the employees enough rest regimes helps in maintaining the physical fitness of their general health. Noise should be minimized if possible or alternatively the individuals should be disallowed to be at place with excessive noise exceeding eight hours. Lastly, other regulations should be maintained such as fire prevention, well fitted electricity cables to minimize electrocution, working heights and appropriate manual handling of machines and proper ventilations. The OSHA principles and concepts should be followed to the latter to significantly minimize the number of falls and other injuries in the construction industry. Works Cited E-facts. â€Å"Hazards and risks associated with manual handling in the work place.† European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, 2012. Web. European Agency for Safety and Health Work. â€Å"Actions to improve safety and health in construction.† Magazine of the European Agency for safety and Health at work, 2004. Web. Excavation. â€Å"Excavation, Trenching and shoring safety and OSHA’s Excavation Standard.† AFSCE Training and Education Institute Manual. Web. Geigle, Steven. â€Å"OSHAcademy Course 714study guide: Fall protection.† Geigle Safety Group Inc., 2012. Web. ILO. â€Å"Safety, health and welfare on construction sites. A training manual.† International Labor Organization, 2000. Web. OSHA. â€Å"US Department of Labor website.† OSHA, 2012. Web. This case study on Safety at the Construction Sites was written and submitted by user Averie Garcia to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Use the Right Number of Periods

Use the Right Number of Periods Use the Right Number of Periods Use the Right Number of Periods By Michael After the word itself, the sentence is the most basic unit of communication. So its the sentence that your readers will notice first. They may not see your mistakes in spelling, and may not notice your mistakes in grammar, but they are likely to notice when you end your sentences too early or too late. Other mistakes are mistakes in formality, and may not disturb your communication. But a sentence represents a thought, and if your readers cant tell what your thoughts are, communication will be hampered. The basic rule is to end your sentence when your thought ends. You may have lots of thoughts tumbling on top of the other, but try to separate them for easy digestion. Put a period at the end of the thought, or if youre asking a question, put a question mark. Weve already cautioned against the overuse of exclamation points, but they are not toxic in small quantities. If the words dont make a complete thought, dont put a period after them. A real drag. Whats a real drag? I didnt tell you. So I shouldnt have put a period after those words. It wasnt a complete thought, and I shouldnt treat it like a complete sentence. In my opinion, its more common for your reader to become confused with too few periods than with too many. Too few periods forces your reader to separate your thoughts because you didnt. The other extreme is equally painful, though. I had a boss who put a period about every two words. He talked like that. He tried to be. Very calm. Paused every few words. For emphasis. But by using periods inappropriately, my boss lost the benefit of being able to tell his readers which thought was which, or when one thought ended and another began. Like the boy who cried Wolf, he was the boss who cried Period. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Congratulations on or for?Whenever vs. When EverIf I Was vs. If I Were

Definition and Examples of Ambiguity in English

Definition and Examples of Ambiguity in English Ambiguity (pronounced am-big-YOU-it-tee) is the presence of two or more possible meanings in a single passage.  The word comes from a Latin term which means, wandering about and the adjective form of the word is ambiguous.  Other terms used for ambiguity are  amphibologia, amphibolia, and  semantic ambiguity.  In addition, ambiguity is sometimes regarded as a  fallacy  (commonly known as  equivocation)  in which the same term is used in more than one way.   In speech and writing, there are two basic types of ambiguity: Lexical ambiguity  is the  presence of two or more possible meanings within a single wordSyntactic ambiguity  is the presence of two or more possible  meanings  within a single sentence or sequence of words Examples and Observations Brave men run in my family.– Bob Hope as Painless Peter Potter in The Paleface, 1948As I was leaving this morning, I said to myself, The last thing you must do is forget your speech. And, sure enough, as I left the house this morning, the last thing I did was to forget my speech.– Rowan AtkinsonI cant tell you how much I enjoyed meeting your husband.– William Empson, Seven Types of Ambiguity, 1947We saw her duck is a paraphrase of We saw her lower her head and of We saw the duck belonging to her, and these last two sentences are not paraphrases of each other. Therefore We saw her duck is ambiguous.– James R. Hurford, Brendan Heasley, and Michael B. Smith, Semantics: A Coursebook, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2007Roy Rogers: More hay, Trigger?Trigger: No thanks, Roy, Im stuffed!Pentagon Plans Swell Deficit– newspaper headlineI cant recommend this book too highly.Leahy Wants FBI to Help Corrupt Iraqi Police Force–headline at CNN.com, Dec ember 2006Prostitutes Appeal to Pope– newspaper headline Union Demands Increased Unemployment– newspaper headlineThanks for dinner. I’ve never seen potatoes cooked like that before.– Jonah Baldwin in the film Sleepless in Seattle, 1993 Because Because can be ambiguous. I didnt go to the party because Mary was there may mean that Marys presence dissuaded me from going or that I went to sample the canapes.– David Marsh and Amelia Hodsdon, Guardian Style. Guardian Books, 2010 Pun and Irony Quintilian uses amphibolia (III.vi.46) to mean ambiguity, and tells us (Vii.ix.1) that its species are innumerable; among them, presumably, are Pun and Irony.– Richard Lanham, A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms. University of California Press, 1991An ambiguity, in ordinary speech, means something very pronounced, and as a rule witty or deceitful. I propose to use the word in an extended sense: any verbal nuance, however slight, which gives room for alternative reactions to the same piece of language... We call it ambiguous, I think, when we recognize that there could be a puzzle as to what the author meant, in that alternative views might be taken without sheer misreading. If a pun is quite obvious it would not be called ambiguous, because there is no room for puzzling. But if an irony is calculated to deceive a section of its readers, I think it would ordinarily be called ambiguous.– William Empson, Seven Types of Ambiguity, 1947

Defining and Discovering Values Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Defining and Discovering Values - Essay Example Since future is almost unpredictable, other factors may come in that force us to alter some of these plans. Flexibility is certainly the value that allows me to make a move away from a â€Å"rule of thumb† that may not necessary guide me to my goal. Safety is the other value that I treasure most in my ethical leadership. It describes that quality in me that keeps me mindful of the well-being of my followers. As a leader, I would not assign a risky task to my follower that I would personally shy away from being part of it. Lastly, comfort informs me of the need to live a worthwhile life despite the life demands. Life is not a rehearsal and, therefore, getting the most of it while it still lasts is my priority. As such, I always seek to ensure that my followers and I lead comfortable and enjoyable lives. While the above values are critical in my leadership journey, the most challenging bit has been to integrate them in my leadership style. Fortunately, an understanding of the fact that everything I desire to achieve begins with a deliberate move towards it, the only sure way to integrate the values is by living them each day. For instance, every morning as I wake up, I choose to of the above value that I reflect on and try to practice as I interact with others. When faced with ethical dilemmas, for instance, I can support my core values by considering the long terms gains rather than the selfish and short terms desires. Undoubtedly, practicing ethical leadership is an ideal situation that everybody should endeavor to achieve. Its benefits are to the wellbeing of humanity rather than selfish individualistic gains. Therefore, whereas sticking to my ethical values may cost me a lot, the feeling that I am practicing what is right reinforces my ethical professional life. My strengths include organization, discipline, empathy, cohesiveness, and being a model. I

People understand and sublimate lives value and happiness in work Research Paper

People understand and sublimate lives value and happiness in work - Research Paper Example Indeed, hard work. People can only have access to quality and decent life when he has a work that is compensated equitably. This is because every day, people interact at the market using monetary values. Goods and products are exchanged and traded at the a given value and thus, income generation is a primordial task of every human being to gain both necessities and leisures of life. Everyone knows that a person can only acquire as much material possession depending on one’s purchasing power. There is delight and simple happiness when pockets are filled with a sum or when bank account is credited of an amount by the company in exchange for invested labour and skills. Updike (1999) related in at the very start of his story that this â€Å"sensuous pleasure of handling money carries into the very thought of it. A coin, too, bespeaks trust, passing from hand to hand as an abstract signified of value (p.1)† no matter how modest and miserable is the amount at the height of Great Depression. That amount, in exchange for poems and written works of literary writers, remained impressive because it (Updike, 1999) represented the amount of labor exacted from a person’s strength and use of mind. This concern for accumulation of wealth and the accounting of expenditures is demonstrated by how workers care for receipts as evidences of the value consumed. This is the reason why states have monetary policies; companies use business capital to profit; government tax revenues for operation and services; and, institutions generate resources for causes. The income and resource generated make up everything for all human beings to complete the meaning of existence. Thus, human beings existential causes rotate within the realm of his employment because this is the consummate means by how people engage and behave themselves in the market. This resonates the meaning why persons value their work so much and annex

Comparing and Contrasting Hinduism and Bhuddism Essay Example for Free

Comparing and Contrasting Hinduism and Bhuddism Essay ​Being dedicated is what it takes for these two religions Hinduism and Buddhism. They are considered a way of life for some people. They are two of the most influential and practiced religions in the world today. Millions of people partake in these historical religions. Hinduism dates back to 1500 B.C. Buddhism developed a little while after Hinduism. They both derived in the very rooted country India. Hinduism and Bhuddism have many similarities and differences. ​Hinduism and Buddhism are very similar in many aspects. Both religions goal is to reach enlightenment. Enlightenment means wisdom. In Hinduism it is described as moksha. In Buddhism it is described as Nirvana. In both religions they try and reach this state of perfect understanding. In both religions reaching this state of perfect understanding involves reincarnation. Reincarnation is known as rebirth. It is when an individual soul is born again and again until enlightenment is achieved. These two religions may be similar when it comes to their goal but they do have many differences that make the two separate religions. ​Hinduism and Bhuddism have huge differences. Both religions’ founder and origins are different. In Hinduism is a collection of religious beliefs. It is the result of cultural diffusion. Because of that Hinduism has no founder. Non-Aryan and Aryan beliefs intertwined and developed into one religion. There are thousands of gods in this engaging religion. Unlike Hinduism in Buddhism there is a founder. Interestingly Bhuddism derived from the same period as Hinduism. Bhuddism is the result of religious questioning. Siddhartha Gautman aka Buddha is the founder of Bhuddism. He went on a quest to seek religious truth and an end to religious suffering. From then on he was called the enlightened one and Bhuddism was developed out of his discoveries and philosophy. ​In conclusion, Hinduism and Bhuddism have many things they make them different and alike. Hinduism and Bhuddism are what shaped people’s beliefs and understandings in that time period. These are the two religions that developed in the Vedic age. Currently almost 1/5th of the world today practiced these two religions. They are two very respected beliefs still being applied to lives today.

Sniper Coward or Hero :: essays papers

Sniper Coward or Hero Since the invention of the firearm, skilled individuals with specialized equipment have influenced the ebb and flow of the battlefield. At times this influence has been so great as to turn the tide of history. The long-range sharpshooter or sniper has had a telling effect on the direction, drive, and scope of battle. The sniper has felled the command structure of his enemies, rendered their equipment useless, and driven fear into the heart of the men. Thus, the sniper is one of the most effective weapons on the field of battle. A true sniper is an operative who gathers intelligence for the command structure and occasionally takes the one, well-aimed shot that, if done properly, will save lives. In order to better understand exactly how snipers are valuable, one needs to consider their mission, training, and equipment. The sniper^s primary mission is to deliver long range, precision fire on key targets and targets of opportunity. His secondary mission is the collection and reporting of information. Both missions are very specific and dangerous. To carry out these missions, a sniper must be highly trained in marksmanship and field craft skills to ensure maximum effectiveness with minimum risk (Lanning 88-100). The U. S. Army Sniper School is five weeks of intense training. Before a student can even be considered for attendance to sniper school, he must meet stringent qualifications and pass a mental examination. Classes are usually small, but have a high failure rate. The first week consists of physical training and classroom instruction, concentrating on the construction of a Ghillie Suit, which is a special hand made form of camouflage (Sasser 215). The second, third, and fourth weeks are composed of practical exercises and tests covering everything taught during week one. Emphasis is placed on developing stalking skills. Stalking is the term used when a sniper maneuvers into his final firing position (Lanning 159). After the fourth week and all the field orientated tests have been completed, the students that are left, participate in a four day field training exercise which is run as a real life mission. The students form two-man teams. One is the sniper and the other is his spotter. The spotter^s main function is to observe a target and provide data to the shooter. The spotter must also be fully sniper qualified and trained to carry out the mission. The team receives an operation order, which explains its first mission or objective. The team must then plan its

Types of Friends

Classification Final Draft Types of Friends When I was a child, my parents raised me and my siblings to appreciate various kinds of friends. There are three types of friends I know of in this lifetime. I classify them according to how well they know me. We make friends or encounter them as we go every day. My first type of friends are called â€Å"pest friend†. They are my acquaintance, or in other words I only know them by their name.I may not remember what they might look like if I go away for a short period of time. Usually, I meet these types of friends at school, at work, at a store or anywhere I would be. Next, I call them my â€Å"guest friends† or social partners. These sorts of friends I don’t talk too often. We would go out and at the end of the night we go our separate ways. Last, but no least, I have what it’s called â€Å"best friend†. They are always there when I need someone to talk to or when I’m down.They know me as a person and are always there with me through thick and thin, regardless of how bad things may seem. I am able to trust them with my problems. I don’t have to think twice about anything when I share with her. They never judge or criticize me, but are able to give me great advice or tell me something positive to encourage me and keep my head up high. Friends come in all different shapes and sizes: meaning they are all different. That’s why we categorize our friends. They all have a purpose to serve in one’s life. Types of friends As explained by the Spanish Proverb. Friends are an Indispensable part of our life. They help us understand new things. They enhance our self-esteem because they think we're the best, because we matter to them. We don't need to pretend in front of them, just show the real personality. We all have friends. However, different people have different tastes and viewpoints to make different types of friends. In a questionnaire answered from† World of Reading 3†³ by Eileen K. Blab, people identified the qualities of making rinds and the most important Is a friend keeping confidences.A sense of humor followed closely. Good conversationalist Is the less valued quality. In general, throughout our lives we come across many types of friends: convenience friends, friend's of friends, online friends and close friends. Convenience friends usually are our neighbors or classmates who live close to us. These are the people we exchange some small articles of daily use. They will lend us thei r salt when we run out of it. They will ask us if we want to go shopping with them. They will aka care of our pets when we go on vacation for a week.And, when we have visitors, they let us park at their garage. We do these for them also. However, we won't come very close or tell too much. We may have their faceable or MS, but conversation is rarely started, unless we talk about weather or colleagues â€Å"It's a beautiful day, isn't it? † â€Å"How is your new company? Are you satisfied with the current salary? â€Å"something about ordinary greetings. Thus, convenience friends benefit from each other, but are not usually very close. My friends are friends with your friends so I guess ere friends, too. These kinds of friends are all about connecting people.I am sure most people know what that means. I have Introduced my friend who Is going to CBS to a friend who already was a CBS student. After a period of time, they meet and know each other. Soon, their circle goes on with their other circles of friends. This kind of phenomenon always happens in big social gatherings, such as parties. We will have a lot of fun together, have delicious food and exorbitant wine. Adversely, we usually chat for an hour or so, and then the conversation Is over. Conversation will continue even If they have nothing much to say to each other.If we meet on the street, the conversation would only last for a few minutes. I'd start with† Hey, what a coincidence, what are you doing here? ‘ and end with a â€Å"Okay, see you. † But I never really want to see them because I wouldn't take a time to drink coffee or eat dinner. In short, this kind of friends wont open hearts to each other. Teenagers now spend a lot of time on the internet, it has become a regular occurrence to get acquainted with online friends. This is the most uncommon type of rinds, however, they can also be the most precious.Simply Just because you all are strangers, you can pour your feeling ou t to them without any worries. â€Å"Those who know us well want details and specifics; strangers allow us to operate more vaguely on a cosmic scale. You can only say ‘l feel like Vie known you for years' to someone you have not known for years. â€Å"(From Roger Bert- Lost in translation). I used to have online friends who I almost everyday talk with. I wouldn't feel uncomfortable talking with them. In contrast, I told them all my happiness and sorrow. You can not Imagine topped talking, and life still goes on.So, these kind of friends are more like passers- by. Last, no doubt close friends is the best category of all kinds of friends. These people contribute anything for us. They can make the winter feel warmer, the sky more clear, the water sweeter because they are there. In addition, close friends take care of us. They can skip the class to come and see us when we tell them we are sick. They lend us their money, bed, heart, time, everything they have. We feel absolutely reassured that we have them. When I was a little girl, I was living n a small countryside.I still remember when I caught fire flies with my friend, Inning Hang. We were together so often, like each other's shadows. One charming night fall, we ran and played in a vast farm. From land to the farm, it has a slope with woods, so we would play on the slide. Ironically, we would both fall into a waterway and came home with our clothes all mucked up. My mom was shocked, and she asked me where I had gone and why I was like that. I decided to take of all the blame. The next morning she told me she did it in same way. That was a great impressive friendship.To summarize, each type of friends brings us diverse Joy. Convenience friends bring a lot convenience to us; friend's friends make us have a greater social hub; we can pour all our worry out to online friends; close friends always stand right next to us although many other people come and go. Sometimes we get problem that we can not solve a nd they are also the best candidate to help us. Treat wholeheartedly friends, greet people with a smile from the heart and we will receive the same in return. Indeed, for feeling at ease, for comfort, for support- not according to blood but to friends. Types of friends As explained by the Spanish Proverb. Friends are an Indispensable part of our life. They help us understand new things. They enhance our self-esteem because they think we're the best, because we matter to them. We don't need to pretend in front of them, just show the real personality. We all have friends. However, different people have different tastes and viewpoints to make different types of friends. In a questionnaire answered from† World of Reading 3†³ by Eileen K. Blab, people identified the qualities of making rinds and the most important Is a friend keeping confidences.A sense of humor followed closely. Good conversationalist Is the less valued quality. In general, throughout our lives we come across many types of friends: convenience friends, friend's of friends, online friends and close friends. Convenience friends usually are our neighbors or classmates who live close to us. These are the people we exchange some small articles of daily use. They will lend us thei r salt when we run out of it. They will ask us if we want to go shopping with them. They will aka care of our pets when we go on vacation for a week.And, when we have visitors, they let us park at their garage. We do these for them also. However, we won't come very close or tell too much. We may have their faceable or MS, but conversation is rarely started, unless we talk about weather or colleagues â€Å"It's a beautiful day, isn't it? † â€Å"How is your new company? Are you satisfied with the current salary? â€Å"something about ordinary greetings. Thus, convenience friends benefit from each other, but are not usually very close. My friends are friends with your friends so I guess ere friends, too. These kinds of friends are all about connecting people.I am sure most people know what that means. I have Introduced my friend who Is going to CBS to a friend who already was a CBS student. After a period of time, they meet and know each other. Soon, their circle goes on with their other circles of friends. This kind of phenomenon always happens in big social gatherings, such as parties. We will have a lot of fun together, have delicious food and exorbitant wine. Adversely, we usually chat for an hour or so, and then the conversation Is over. Conversation will continue even If they have nothing much to say to each other.If we meet on the street, the conversation would only last for a few minutes. I'd start with† Hey, what a coincidence, what are you doing here? ‘ and end with a â€Å"Okay, see you. † But I never really want to see them because I wouldn't take a time to drink coffee or eat dinner. In short, this kind of friends wont open hearts to each other. Teenagers now spend a lot of time on the internet, it has become a regular occurrence to get acquainted with online friends. This is the most uncommon type of rinds, however, they can also be the most precious.Simply Just because you all are strangers, you can pour your feeling ou t to them without any worries. â€Å"Those who know us well want details and specifics; strangers allow us to operate more vaguely on a cosmic scale. You can only say ‘l feel like Vie known you for years' to someone you have not known for years. â€Å"(From Roger Bert- Lost in translation). I used to have online friends who I almost everyday talk with. I wouldn't feel uncomfortable talking with them. In contrast, I told them all my happiness and sorrow. You can not Imagine topped talking, and life still goes on.So, these kind of friends are more like passers- by. Last, no doubt close friends is the best category of all kinds of friends. These people contribute anything for us. They can make the winter feel warmer, the sky more clear, the water sweeter because they are there. In addition, close friends take care of us. They can skip the class to come and see us when we tell them we are sick. They lend us their money, bed, heart, time, everything they have. We feel absolutely reassured that we have them. When I was a little girl, I was living n a small countryside.I still remember when I caught fire flies with my friend, Inning Hang. We were together so often, like each other's shadows. One charming night fall, we ran and played in a vast farm. From land to the farm, it has a slope with woods, so we would play on the slide. Ironically, we would both fall into a waterway and came home with our clothes all mucked up. My mom was shocked, and she asked me where I had gone and why I was like that. I decided to take of all the blame. The next morning she told me she did it in same way. That was a great impressive friendship.To summarize, each type of friends brings us diverse Joy. Convenience friends bring a lot convenience to us; friend's friends make us have a greater social hub; we can pour all our worry out to online friends; close friends always stand right next to us although many other people come and go. Sometimes we get problem that we can not solve a nd they are also the best candidate to help us. Treat wholeheartedly friends, greet people with a smile from the heart and we will receive the same in return. Indeed, for feeling at ease, for comfort, for support- not according to blood but to friends. Types of friends As explained by the Spanish Proverb. Friends are an Indispensable part of our life. They help us understand new things. They enhance our self-esteem because they think we're the best, because we matter to them. We don't need to pretend in front of them, just show the real personality. We all have friends. However, different people have different tastes and viewpoints to make different types of friends. In a questionnaire answered from† World of Reading 3†³ by Eileen K. Blab, people identified the qualities of making rinds and the most important Is a friend keeping confidences.A sense of humor followed closely. Good conversationalist Is the less valued quality. In general, throughout our lives we come across many types of friends: convenience friends, friend's of friends, online friends and close friends. Convenience friends usually are our neighbors or classmates who live close to us. These are the people we exchange some small articles of daily use. They will lend us thei r salt when we run out of it. They will ask us if we want to go shopping with them. They will aka care of our pets when we go on vacation for a week.And, when we have visitors, they let us park at their garage. We do these for them also. However, we won't come very close or tell too much. We may have their faceable or MS, but conversation is rarely started, unless we talk about weather or colleagues â€Å"It's a beautiful day, isn't it? † â€Å"How is your new company? Are you satisfied with the current salary? â€Å"something about ordinary greetings. Thus, convenience friends benefit from each other, but are not usually very close. My friends are friends with your friends so I guess ere friends, too. These kinds of friends are all about connecting people.I am sure most people know what that means. I have Introduced my friend who Is going to CBS to a friend who already was a CBS student. After a period of time, they meet and know each other. Soon, their circle goes on with their other circles of friends. This kind of phenomenon always happens in big social gatherings, such as parties. We will have a lot of fun together, have delicious food and exorbitant wine. Adversely, we usually chat for an hour or so, and then the conversation Is over. Conversation will continue even If they have nothing much to say to each other.If we meet on the street, the conversation would only last for a few minutes. I'd start with† Hey, what a coincidence, what are you doing here? ‘ and end with a â€Å"Okay, see you. † But I never really want to see them because I wouldn't take a time to drink coffee or eat dinner. In short, this kind of friends wont open hearts to each other. Teenagers now spend a lot of time on the internet, it has become a regular occurrence to get acquainted with online friends. This is the most uncommon type of rinds, however, they can also be the most precious.Simply Just because you all are strangers, you can pour your feeling ou t to them without any worries. â€Å"Those who know us well want details and specifics; strangers allow us to operate more vaguely on a cosmic scale. You can only say ‘l feel like Vie known you for years' to someone you have not known for years. â€Å"(From Roger Bert- Lost in translation). I used to have online friends who I almost everyday talk with. I wouldn't feel uncomfortable talking with them. In contrast, I told them all my happiness and sorrow. You can not Imagine topped talking, and life still goes on.So, these kind of friends are more like passers- by. Last, no doubt close friends is the best category of all kinds of friends. These people contribute anything for us. They can make the winter feel warmer, the sky more clear, the water sweeter because they are there. In addition, close friends take care of us. They can skip the class to come and see us when we tell them we are sick. They lend us their money, bed, heart, time, everything they have. We feel absolutely reassured that we have them. When I was a little girl, I was living n a small countryside.I still remember when I caught fire flies with my friend, Inning Hang. We were together so often, like each other's shadows. One charming night fall, we ran and played in a vast farm. From land to the farm, it has a slope with woods, so we would play on the slide. Ironically, we would both fall into a waterway and came home with our clothes all mucked up. My mom was shocked, and she asked me where I had gone and why I was like that. I decided to take of all the blame. The next morning she told me she did it in same way. That was a great impressive friendship.To summarize, each type of friends brings us diverse Joy. Convenience friends bring a lot convenience to us; friend's friends make us have a greater social hub; we can pour all our worry out to online friends; close friends always stand right next to us although many other people come and go. Sometimes we get problem that we can not solve a nd they are also the best candidate to help us. Treat wholeheartedly friends, greet people with a smile from the heart and we will receive the same in return. Indeed, for feeling at ease, for comfort, for support- not according to blood but to friends.

Asian American history Essay

There are so many Asian American cultural productions, such as import automobiles, fashion, and art. However, the most important cultural production is food because cooking and eating have been the oldest human activities since human evolution started. Spreading of the different cultures’ and races’ food became more like art and fashion, but it still remains a fundamental part of our daily lives. Fashion and art vary in style by their origin, and each of them shows the aspects of their culture very strongly, but not as strongly as their food. Unlike fashion and art, traditional food impacts people’s physical traits. Many countries have their own traditional food, such as China which is well known for its Chow-Mien, Japan for its Sushi and India for its Curry. These different food from the different regions, have strong effects on people who live in that region. All traditional food has small differences in their nutrition, but that small difference can cause a big difference, if they are consumed daily. As an example, American food has higher fat percentage than Japanese foods or Indian foods. This results in Americans having higher chances of becoming obese than Japanese or Indians. It means each region’s symbolized food determines their characteristics or the identity of their race. In Rush Hour 3, there was a scene where, Lee and Carter were having a relationship conflict. Lee, who is Chinese, ordered fried chicken on the phone while Carter was in China town ordering Mu-Shu for his dinner and they were both recollecting each other. This scene in the movie strongly shows each character’s cultural and racial identity; Black people delivering KFC and Chinese people’s take-out food. â€Å"As the modern Asian American population continues to develop and evolve, we are also witnessing a fascinating transformation of Asian ethnic cuisine as it blends traditional and contemporary aspects into a uniquely Asian American creation.† Many American and Latino children in the United States tend to be more overweight than any different races living in the United States. The spread of childhood obesity is related to the spread of modernization and it’s advertisement on television. Race is a crucial aspect in the study of media and nutrition for two important reasons. The first reason is â€Å"nutritional problems such as childhood obesity are more prevalent among African-American children than among White children in the United States.† The second reason is that the â€Å"food advertisements aimed at African Americans tend to associate Blackness with less healthy food options.† Stereotypes of races are also applied in food as well, which is White priority. In Neil Gotanda’s article of Multiculturalism and Racial Stratification, she stated, â€Å"how multicultural techniques can function to maintain the centerpiece of the old racial order- white privilege.† (Wu & Song, Pg.380) Today, a variety of cooking shows, cookbooks and restaurants become the new place for multiculturalism. Combining of different cultural foods in one dish is not just great. By putting several cultures into one single dish causes more troublesome issues like â€Å"Asian American’s complicated historical and symbolic relationship with food production, distribution, and preparation.† (Nguyen & Tu, Pg.179) Some of the strong American heartland cities like Chicago refuse to admit Chinese and Middle Eastern food as regular food because of Asian American’s cultural blur of their origin. Asian Americans came to the United States to fill the necessity for the cheap labor in the agricultural industry and to work as meatpackers and take-out delivery men in the modern day period. The long history of Asian American labor in the food production and service industries caused invisibility in the pleasures and presence of Asian, especially Chinese, cuisine. Martin F. Manalansan IV, the author of the article, ‘Cooking up the Senses’, stated â€Å"Asian Americans’ relationship with the material and symbolic aspects of food is part of their continuing marginal and abject status in the American cultural imaginary.† (Nguyen & Tu, Pg.180) Despite the blurriness of their cultural identity, Asian Americans are symbolically and stereotypically linked to their food, which is neither fully Asian nor American. Fusion cuisine has been very popular today because of its bright and modern idea. However, its bright and modern idea is good in one point of view, but bad in another. â€Å"The topic of fusion cuisine became an important source of conversations about cultural in authenticity.† (Nguyen & Tu, Pg. 186) The show ‘East Meets West’, run by the host, Ming Tsai, is a famous Asian American cooking show. From the comment of this forty-five year old Indian man, the Asian dish is not incongruent to the atmosphere of the show, which is very American. Other Asian Americans also commented on the irony of the show, where Ming Tsai, who has a typical Asian-looking appearance, speaks just like the big Irish men who work in Wall Street. â€Å"Despite the Chinese-ness of Tsai’s image and body, and the recipe ingredients, music, and other show accoutrements overtly marked as Asian, participants evaluated the chef and the show as being very American and Western.† (Nguyen & Tu, Pg. 186) The mixing of all different kinds of cultural ingredients is too chaotic and they were making everything culturally illegible. The most important cultural production in one’s race is food. Cooking was very simple before the early civilizations. However, as the civilizations developed, people started to separate themselves by forming communities. Each community tended to have different cultures depending on their region. Each region has its own symbolic food determining their characteristics or determining the identity of their race. Food production is one of the most unique ways to express one’s cultural identity, which becomes a basis of one’s racial identity. However, the mixed ingredients of all different cultures make food culturally illegible and blur its racial identity.

Whats the Minimum SAT Score for College

What's the Minimum SAT Score for College SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Preparing for college applications can feel confusing, overwhelming, and demanding. If you’re nervous about the SAT (or college admissions in general), you may be worried about how low of a test score you can afford to get if you still want a shot at college. You might even be wondering how low of a score on the SAT is even possible. In this article I’ll discuss the lowest possible SAT score and why it’s unlikely to happen to you. I’ll also provide advice on determining the lowest SAT score you can get and still have a reasonable chance at a given school, and what that means in terms of choosing which schools to apply for and what score to aim for.Finally, I’ll discuss some things you can do if your score seems too low for any of the colleges you want to attend. What's the Lowest SAT Score You Can Get? The revised SAT is out of 1600 points. The Math section is worth up to 800 points, and the Reading and Writing tests combine into the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section for the other 800 possible points. The lowest possible score on either section is 200 points. So if you got 200 points on Math and 200 on Evidence-Based Reading and Writing, you’d have 400 points. So the minimum SAT score is 400. For reference, an average score would be around 1000. 400 is the score you would get if you answered zero questions correctly on any of the tests, or if you just left your entire test blank and took a nap. Getting the lowest possible score is not a common occurrence! In previous years fewer people have gotten the lowest possible score in the SAT than have received perfect scores, so it is highly unlikely to happen to you. (Unless you really do leave every question blank, in which case it will definitely happen to you, sorry.) Cute dog. Terrible test-taking strategy. What SAT Score Would You Get if You Guessed Completely Randomly? To underscore how unlikely it is that you would get a 400 making a good faith effort on the SAT, let’s consider the approximate score you would be likely to get if you guessed completely randomly on every question. Multiple-choice questions on the SAT have 4 answer choices, so you have a 25% chance of guessing the correct answer. On the Math free-response questions, known as grid-ins, your chance of randomly guessing the correct answer is low enough that I’m going to round down to 0% and assume if you randomly guessed on those you would get them wrong. The Reading test has 52 questions. Guessing randomly, you could expect to get (.25) x 52 of them correct. That works out to 13. The Writing test has 44 questions. Guessing randomly, you could expect to get 11 of them correct (.25 x 44 = 11). The Math test has 45 multiple choice and 13 grid-ins. Assuming you get 0 points on the grid-ins, you could expect to get (.25) x 45 questions correct, which is about 11. We’ll based our approximate score calculations on theSample Scoring Guide for Practice Test 1. According to this sample scoring guide, 13 correct questions on Reading gives you a â€Å"Reading Test Score† of 19 (out of 40). 11 points on Writing gives you a â€Å"Writing Test Score† of 16 out of 40.Adding up the 19 on Reading and 11 on Writing gives you a 30 out of 80. If we multiply that by 10 we get 300 for the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section score, which is a good margin above the minimum of 200.For Math, 11 correct answers would give you a Math section score of approximately 340; well above the minimum of 200. If we add together the 340 from Math and the 300 from Evidence-Based Reading and Writing we get 640. Even guessing completely randomly and leaving all grid-ins blank, you would get over 200 points higher than the minimumSAT score. Random guessing: another dubious strategy. What's the Lowest SAT Score You Can Have and Still Get Into College? Beyond the lowest possible score, you may want to know what is the minimum SAT score for college admissions.The answer to that is that it depends- mostly on the college in question, but also to a certain extent on your other qualifications. In general, the more selective a school is, the higher your SAT scores will need to be for you to have a chance at admission. For a top-tier school like Harvard or MIT, you’ll need to break 1400 for a shot (and that would be a pretty low-end score for a selective school). For a selective public institution like University of Michigan, you’ll want to hit at least 1300. Less selective public institutions, as well as many small liberal arts colleges, regularly accept applicants in the 950-1050 range. (Note: these score numbers are based off the middle 50% of admitted students for these schools, converted from the old 2400-point SAT scale). Public universities in your state may also accept residents with scores on the lower end of the scale depending on their policies and your other qualifications. For example, for Texas residents, UT Austin guarantees admission to anyone in the top 7% of their graduating high school class, and there are other public Texas universities that assure admission for the top 10%. You may still need to submit test scores for these schools for placement purposes, but low scores won’t keep you from being admitted. Another thing to note is that specialty schools like art schools and music conservatories also often have lower SAT score expectations for their applicants, because student applications are much more heavily weighted towards things like portfolios and performance tapes. The truth is that it’s difficult to pinpoint the absolute lowest score you can get and still have a chance at a particular school because colleges and universities generally admit candidates along a range of test scores. However, you can get an idea. On their admissions websites, most schools provide the test score range for the 25th-75th percentiles of their own admitted student pool- the â€Å"middle 50%.† This is a reliable way to get a decent idea of what kind of score you need to get to be a viable candidate for admission. I would say a score a little below the 25th percentile (think 10 points) is the lowest score you can get and reasonably expect to have any sort of a chance at admission- and even with other strong parts in your application, that score would make the school a reach for you. By contrast, if your score is decently (50+) above the 75th percentile mark, you’re in a great position. Sample Middle 50% Ranges and Low/High Scores Low Score Middle 50% High Score 980 990-1190 1240 1120 1130 - 1260 1310 1190 1200-1360 1410 1290 1300-1430 1480 1310 1320-1470 1520 1360 1370-1520 1570 1390 1400-1580 1600 1420 1430-1590 1600 You might be thinking: if I have a score that’s just below the 25th percentile, doesn’t that mean that people with lower scores than me probably got in? Yes, it does. But there are always outliers- people who had other specific qualifications or strengths that the college was looking for in particular. No doubt you also have unique strengths and talents that you should emphasize in college applications! And if your dream school’s middle 50% is 1100-1300 and your score is 1020, by all means apply to it as a reach school, understanding that the rest of your application will need to be truly stellar for you to have a chance. You should never assume that you are going to be one of the outliers who gets in with an SAT score at the lowest conceivable end of the admit range. That’s why it’s important to apply to a variety of schools, where your score falls in different places relative to the middle 50% of admitted students. Buthow do you go about choosing schools to apply to based on your SAT score? The only choice more significant than where to apply to college is what gelato flavor to enjoy. Choosing Schools to Apply to Based on Your SAT Scores If you’re picking schools to apply to based on an SAT score, you’ll want some that are safety schools, some that are match schools, and some that are reach schools. What does this mean? Well, in general, a safety school is one where you exceed the usual criteria for admission, a match school is one where you meet the usual criteria for admission, and a reach school is one where you fall just under the usual criteria for admission. In terms of test scores and the middle 50% range, a safety school is one where your score well exceeds the middle 50% range (think 50+ points), a match school is one where you fall in within the middle 50%, preferably in the higher end, or just above, and a reach school is one where you fall in the bottom end or just below the middle 50%. Note that even if you got a perfect 1600, highly selective schools like Stanford, the Ivies, etc, are reach schools for everyone simply because admission is so competitive. Let’s go through an example. Say Lupita got a 1290 on her SAT. How should she consider her chances at the following schools she is interested in? Boston College – middle 50% range: 1300-1430 As Lupita’s score is just below the bottom of the mid-50% range for Boston College, we would consider this a reach school. She certainly has a shot at getting in, particularly if her other qualifications are on par with the school’s admits, but her scores would put her in the bottom 25% of admitted students. SUNY-Binghampton – middle 50% range: 1200 - 1360 With a 1290, Lupita is in the higher end of the middle 50% for this school. Assuming her other qualifications (GPA, etc) are similarly placed relative to other admits, this is a good match school for her. SUNY-Albany – middle 50% range: 1090-1240 With a score 50 points above this middle 50% range for SUNY-Albany, Lupita has a great chance of getting in (again, with the caveat that her other qualifications are similarly positioned). This is a good safety school for her. The University of Portland – middle 50% range of 1110-1280 Lupita’s score of 1290 is just 10 points above the middle 50% range for this school. Her score isn’t really high enough to consider the University of Portland a safety school, but this makes it a strong match for Lupita. Of course, there are other factors than test scores in choosing safety, match, and reach schools. Schools also usually provide information about the GPA and class ranks of their admitted students, so you’ll want to consider those factors as well. If you’re on the low end of the middle 50% in test scores, but way on the high end for GPA and class rank, it could be a match school.Unique talents or other interesting qualifications can also go a long way towards mitigating a test score that’s a little on the low end for a particular school. But what if you already have schools in mind, and you haven’t taken the SAT yet? How should you determine what score to aim for? Targets: not just for darts. Choosing a Goal SAT Score Based on Your Dream Schools If you haven’t taken the SAT yet, but you have some schools in mind, you can set a goal score for the SAT. The ideal target score is the highest 75th percentile score for the middle 50% of all the schools you are interested in. This way even if you fall a little short, you’ll still have a great shot at most of the schools on your list. First, you’ll want to make a list of the schools you are considering. Then,look up the middle 50% range of each of the remaining schools on your list. Write down the top number of the middle 50% - the 75th percentile - for each school. You can do this for total score, by section, or both- whatever is most useful for you. There are a couple caveats here: Since the new SAT was just rolled out, all middle 50% scores will be on the old 2400-point scale. You can convert the composite score to get a decent estimate(multiply it by 1600 and then divide that by 2400) but for section scores you can just ignore the writing section, or average critical reading and writing. Next year the data will be on the 1600-point scale and things will be simpler. Also, some schools don’t report all subscores and only resport total scores; this is just something be aware of. Finally, find the highest score in the list of 75th percentile scores. That’s your goal score!Let’s do an example. Say Diego is interested in the following schools: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Indiana University Purdue University University of Chicago Notre Dame University Now we fill out our middle 50% table. (I’ve already converted scores to the 1600-point scale where necessary, and schools where reading and math subscores weren’t reported- in this case, all of them- get an n/a in those columns). Sample Chart: Diego's Target Score Name of College/ University SAT Reading 25th SAT Reading 75th SAT Math 25th SAT Math 75th SAT Composite 25th SAT Composite 75th University of Illinois (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) 1320 1470 Indiana University (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) 1100 1290 Purdue University (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) 1090 1300 University of Chicago (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) 1450 1550 Notre Dame (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) 1400 1530 Target Score: 1550 So, based on his list of schools, Diego’s goal score should be a 1550. If he can score (or beat!) a 1550, he’ll be in a great position. But even if he falls a little short and gets a 1530 or 1540, he'll be in a great position for most of the schools he is interested in. Diego climbing SAT mountain. You may want to use the following table to make your own list: Name of College/ University SAT Reading 25th SAT Reading 75th SAT Math 25th SAT Math 75th SAT Composite 25th SAT Composite 75th Target Score: This method will allow you to calculate a goal SAT score based on schools you are interested in.But what if you take the SAT and when your scores get back, it looks like every school you are interested in is a reach? What should you do then? Based on my SAT Score, Every School I'm Interested in Is a Reach! If you get your SAT scores back and they are a lot lower than you were aiming for, you may be concerned that every school you’re interested in is a reach. Here are seven strategies you could use to address this dilemma. Are you this kitty, stranded halfway up? Don't worry! Prep for the SAT and Take It Again You may have simply been been underprepared for the SAT. In this case, you will need to prepare rigorously and take it again. You might try a targeted, personalized test-prep program like ours, working with prep books (see this article for a guide to the best prep books for the revised SAT), and/or the College Board + Khan Academy SAT practice program. See our guide to the pros and cons of all prep methods. If you have a few months left before your college deadlines, taking the test again is probably your best bet. Take the ACT Instead The ACT and the SAT used to be quite different- enough that students would perform very differently on them. This isn’t as true anymore because the revised SAT is very similar to the ACT. However, if you are particularly scientifically literate, the fact that the ACT has an entire Science section score could help you. Other more minor differences may help you get a slightly higher score on the ACT if you are just hoping for a little boost. Evaluate if You Need Testing Accommodations If you feel you have underperformed on your SAT because you have a medical condition, learning disability, or psychiatric disorder, you may qualify for special testing accommodations. Especially if you are on an IEP or a 504 plan at your school, it is likely that you are both eligible for and would benefit from test accommodations. Bear in mind that this a time-consuming process so you need to request them early! Adjust Your Expectations If you score is too low for all the colleges on your list, look at some less selective colleges. 1350 may be too low for Johns Hopkins, but it’s a solid score for Boston University. There’s a huge universe of colleges out there, and there are probably less selective schools that have the things you are looking for. Apply to Schools That Accept Alternate Scores Some schools will accept AP Exam Scores or SAT Subject Test Scores in lieu of more traditional SAT or ACT exam scores. If you’ve already performed well on AP exams or you feel you could do well on particular Subject Tests, this could be a good strategy for you.Examples of schools that accept alternate tests include: Colorado College- Accepts various combinations of AP, IB, and SAT Subject Test scores in lieu of the ACT/SAT. Colby College - Accepts 3 SAT Subject Tests in lieu of ACT/SAT. Middlebury College - Accepts 3 SAT Subject Tests in lieu of ACT/SAT. Hamilton College - Accepts various combinations of AP, IB, and SAT Subject Test scores in lieu of the ACT/SAT. New York University - Accepts various combinations of AP, IB, and SAT Subject Test scores in lieu of the ACT/SAT. See a more comprehensive list of test-optional and test-flexiblecolleges. Alternate testing schools are so alternative. Apply to Test-Optional Schools Still other colleges have implemented test-optional admissions. This means that, while you can send standardized test scores as a bonus or qualification with your application, they are not required. In this case, your GPA, course records, essay, recommendation letters, and other application materials will be the determining factors in your admission- not your test scores. Though a fairly newfangled notion in college admissions, several high-quality schools have implemented test-optional policies. This seems eminently reasonable in light of the fact that there are some courses of study where you may not take hardly any tests, and certainly not many long, grueling, marathon-style standardized ones. Test-optional schools are a particularly good strategy for applicants who are good students but poor standardized test takers. Schools that are test-optional include: Wake-Forest University, NC Bates College, Maine Wesleyan University, CT Bowdoin College, Maine American University, Washington DC Mt. Holyoke College, MA (women’s college) Sarah Lawrence College, NY (women’s college) Bryn Mawr College, Pennsylvania (women’s college) Smith College, MA (women’s college) See a more comprehensive list of test-optional and test-deemphazised colleges at Fairtest.org. Go to Community College Maybe your score is low enough that even if you lower your expectations, you’re worried there aren’t any schools that will accept you. But you can still pursue higher education! Most local community colleges are open to anyone in the area with a high school diploma or GED. You can start taking classes at a community college and then transfer to a 4-year university upon completion of your associate’s degree; your most recent transcripts in this case will be much more important than your standardized test scores. With these strategies, you’ll be sure to find a college solution that works for you even if your test scores don’t seem stellar. Key Takeaways The lowest possible SAT score is 400 on a 1600-point scale, but you’re very unlikely to get this score unless you leave every question on the test blank. How low your score can be for college applications depends on what colleges you are applying to. More selective schools will expect higher scores, while many local public universities and small liberal arts schools will accept scores on the lower end of the scale. There are colleges that accept low SAT scores. Based on your scores, you should select safety, match, and reach schools to apply to. If you haven’t taken the SAT yet, you can also figure out a goal score based on schools you are already interested in. If your score seems too low for any school you’re interested in, there are several things you could do: Retake the SAT Take the ACT Figure out if you need testing accommodations Apply to less selective schools Apply to test-alternative or test-optional schools Go to community college (a great option if you are worried that your scores are too low, period.) So what is the minimum SAT score for college? My final answer is that there’s really no SAT score too low for higher education- you may just need to take an alternative path to get there! There are lots of ways to get where you want to go! What's Next? Struggling with a low SAT score? We've got some tips on improving lower section scores forReading, Writing, and Math. If you have low standardized test scores but a high GPA, here are some prep strategies specifically for you. Looking for colleges? Here are colleges with guaranteed admissions thresholds for certain test scores.Or see our guide to researching colleges. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today!